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Embedded democracy is a form of

Aurel Croissant, who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy: electoral regime, political participation, civil rights, horizontal accountability, and the power of the elected representatives to govern.[4] The five internal regimes are interdependent and work together to check the power of the government, while external regimes also help to secure and stabilize embedded democracies.[5] Together, all the regimes ensure that an embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental principles of freedom, equality, and control.[6][7]

If a society lacks one of the partial regimes, it is classified as a defective democracy.[8][9] Merkel named four notable types of defective democracy: exclusive democracy, illiberal democracy, delegative democracy, and tutelary democracy.[10]

Embedded Democracy

The ideal embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental democratic principles of freedom, equality, and control.

Robert Dahl's definition of political equality, which includes equality "before the law and in the political process. [12] While equality can infringe upon freedom, an embedded democracy should establish a balance between equality and freedom; to preserve the equality-freedom equilibrium, there must be checks on government power (horizontal and vertical accountability).[13]

Internal Regimes of Embedded Democracy

Political Participation

The internal regime of political

Robert Dahl argues that only a small portion of the population will be active in political participation and warns that mass participation in a representative democracy could lead to dictatorship.[22][23]

In weak or failed states, "low-intensity citizenship" is often commonplace. This means that many people are denied their full political rights or choose not to exercise them.

income inequality than the United States as well as higher rates of political participation. [27] However, political participation does not depend solely on income distribution: it is also influenced by individual motivation and group affiliation.[28]In some cases, individuals whose economic status predisposes them to political apathy are more likely to participate if motivated by identification with a large group. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[29] In Fishkin's vision of deliberative democracy, interest groups or parties do not dominate a discussion.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[30] Deliberative polling may offer one means for political participation.[31][32]


External Embeddedness

Socio-economic Context

Civil Society

International Integration

Defective Democracy

Alternative Models for Assessing Democracies

Defective democracy is an alternative to terms such as electoral democracy, illiberal democracy, or partial democracy, all of which describe governing systems that meet only some of the conditions required for a full democracy.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Embedded and defective democracies are primarily categorized based on their

Schmitter and Huntington.[34][35]

An embedded democracy can be considered a type of consolidated democracy,meaning that the democratic regime in an embedded democracy is seen as legitimate and stable.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[36] Some scholars, like Merkel, take a maximalist approach to defining consolidated democracy by specifying the partial regimes of consolidation.[37]Gunther considers three dimensions of consolidation--institutional, attitudinal, and behavioral--while Linz and Stepan highlight five arenas for consolidation: civil society, political society, rule of law, the state apparatus and economic society. [38][39][40]

Other scholars have developed multidimensional models of democracy that are similar to Merkel's embedded democracy model.[41] For instance, Dahl defines polyarchy based on seven distinct criteria: elected officials, free elections, inclusive suffrage, the right to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information, and associational autonomy. [42][43]

Some scholars critique Merkel's model for merely describing the institutional elements found in a liberal embedded democracy and then categorizing other "hybrid regimes" as diminished subtypes of democracy.

Aurel Croissant and Hans-Jürgen Puhle.[48][49]

References

  1. ^ Merkel, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Embedded and Defective Democracies". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Buhllman, Mark; Merkel, Wolfgang; Wessels, Bernhard (April 2008). "The Quality of Democracy: Democracy Barometer for Established Democracies". Hertie School of Governance - Working Papers. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ Merkel, Wolfgang; Croissant, Aurel (December 2004). "Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies". Democratization. 11 (5): 199–213. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ Merkel (2004) p.33
  5. ^ Merkel (2004) p.36-27
  6. ^ Merkel (2004) p.43-45
  7. ^ Buhllman et. al (2008) p.7
  8. ^ Merkel (2004) p.33
  9. ^ Puhle, Hans-Jürgen (2005). "Democratic Consolidation and Defective Democracies". Estudio/Working Paper 47
  10. ^ Merkel (2004)p.49
  11. ^ Merkel (2004) p.43-45
  12. ^ Buhllman et. al p.7
  13. ^ Buhlmann et. al p.9
  14. ^ Merkel (2004) p.38
  15. ^ Merkel (2004) p.39
  16. ^ Merkel (2004) p.39
  17. ^ Merkel (2004) p.39
  18. ^ Merkel (2004) p.39
  19. ^ Pateman, Carol (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  20. ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1943). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Routledge.
  21. ^ Pateman (1970) p.3
  22. ^ Dahl, Robert (1956). A Preface to Democratic Theory. University of Chicago Press.
  23. ^ Pateman (1970) p.9
  24. ^ Merkel, Wolfgang; Croissant, Aurel (December 2004). "Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies". Democratization. 11 (5): 199–213. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  25. ^ O'Donnell, Guillermo. "Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: Some Political Reflections," in Vi'ctor E. Tokman and Guillermo O’Donnell (eds), Poverty and Inequality in Latin America (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), p.195–215
  26. ^ Pateman (1970) p.2
  27. ^ Merkel, Wolfgang; Croissant, Aurel (December 2004). "Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies". Democratization. 11 (5): 199–213. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  28. ISBN 9780226852980. Retrieved 4 November 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )    p.
  29. ^ Gutmann, Amy; Thompson, Dennis (2009). Why Deliberative Democracy?. Princeton University Press.
  30. ^ Krueger, Brian (2002). "Assessing the Potential of Internet Political Participation in the United States: a Resource Approach". American Politics Research. 30 (5): 476–498. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  31. ^ Fishkin (2009)
  32. ^ Democracy, Representative and Participatory. (2008). In W. A. Darity, Jr. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 283-285). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.
  33. ^ Merkel, Wolfgang. "Embedded and Defective Democracies: Where Does Israel Stand?". New Politics, No Politics, and Antipolitics: 186–225. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  34. ^ Schmitter, Philippe C.; Karl, Terry (1991). "What Democracy Is...and Is Not?". Journal of Democracy. 2 (3): 75–88. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  35. ^ Huntington, Samuel (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
  36. ^ Schedler, Andreas (1998). "What is Democratic Consolidation". Journal of Democracy. 9 (2): 91–107.
  37. ^ Puhle, Hans-Jürgen (2005). "Democratic Consolidation and Defective Democracies". Estudio/Working Paper. 47. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  38. ^ {{Puhle and Hans-Jürgen (2005)
  39. ^ Gunther, Richard; Diamandourous, P. Nikiforos; Puhle, Hans-Jürgen (1995). The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  40. ^ Linz, Juan J.; Stepan, Alfred (1978). The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  41. ^ Jayasuriya, Kanishka (2007). "Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asia". Democratization. 14 (5): 773–794. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  42. ^ Dahl, Robert (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  43. ^ O'Donnell, Guillermo (1996). "Illusions About Democratization". Journal of Democracy. 7 (2): 34. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  44. ^ Jayasuriya, Kanishka; Rodan, Garry (2007). "Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asiaa". Democratization. 14 (5): 773–794. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  45. ^ Møller, Jørgen; Skanning, Svend-Erik (June 2010). "Beyond the Radial Delusion: Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy and Non-Democracy". International Political Science Review. 31 (3): 261–283. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  46. ^ Jayasuriya, Kanishka (2007). "Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asia". Democratization. 14 (5): 773–794. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  47. ^ Møller, Jørgen; Skanning, Svend-Erik (June 2010). "Beyond the Radial Delusion: Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy and Non-Democracy". International Political Science Review. 31 (3): 261–283. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  48. ^ Møller, Jørgen; Skanning, Svend-Erik (June 2010). "Beyond the Radial Delusion: Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy and Non-Democracy". International Political Science Review. 31 (3): 261–283. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  49. ^ Puhle, Hans-Jürgen (2005). "Democratic Consolidation and Defective Democracies". Estudio/Working Paper. 47. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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