Vehicle bus
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A vehicle bus is a specialized internal
Background
The main driving forces for the development of vehicle network technology have been the advances made in the electronics industry in general and government regulations imposed, especially in the United States, in order to make the automobiles environmentally friendly.
With stringent
At one time, a
An electronic control module typically gets its input from sensors (speed, temperature, pressure, etc.) that it uses in its computation. Various
The automotive industry quickly realized the complexity of wiring each module to every other module. Such a wiring design would not only be complex, it would have to be altered depending on which modules were included in the specific vehicle. For example, a car without the anti-lock brake module would have to be wired differently than one that included anti-lock brakes.
The industry's answer to this problem was to create a central network in the vehicle. Modules could be 'plugged' into the network and would be able to communicate with any other module that was installed on the network. This design was easier to manufacture, easier to maintain and provided the flexibility to add and remove options without affecting the entire vehicle's wiring architecture. Each module, a node on the vehicle network, controls specific components related to its function and communicates with the other modules as necessary, using a standard
Networks were not new, but their application to the vehicle was. The networks for the vehicles called for:
- Low cost
- Immunity from external noise
- Ability to operate in harsh environments
- Overall robustness and reliability
Although the vehicle network made modest demands on data
Protocols, physical media and connectors
There are several network types and
Protocols
Common vehicle buses protocols include:
- A²B - (Automotive Audio Bus) An audio distribution protocol developed by Analog Devices[1]
- AFDX
- ARINC 429
- Byteflight
- CAN– (Controller Area Network) an inexpensive low-speed serial bus for interconnecting automotive components
- D2B – (Domestic Digital Bus) a high-speed multimedia interface
- FlexRay – a general purpose high-speed protocol with safety-critical features
- IDB-1394
- IEBus
- I²C
- ISO 9141-1/-2
- J1587
- J1850
- J1939 and ISO 11783– an adaptation of CAN for commercial (J1939) and agricultural (ISO 11783) vehicles
- Keyword Protocol 2000 (KWP2000) – a protocol for automotive diagnostic devices (runs either on a serial line or over CAN)
- LIN – (Local Interconnect Network) a very low cost in-vehicle sub-network
- MOST– (Media Oriented Systems Transport) a high-speed multimedia interface
- Train Communication NetworkIEC 61375.
- SMARTwireX
- SPI
- VAN – (Vehicle Area Network)
- UAVCAN– (Uncomplicated Application-level Vehicular Communication And Networking) mostly used in electric aircraft, drones, satellites, and robotics.
Physical transmission media
Some examples of physical transmission media use in vehicle networks:
- Single wire
- Twisted Pair
- Fibre optic
- IEEE 1394[1]
- MiG-35.[2]
- MIL-STD-1773, roughly MIL-STD-1553 with optic cabling
- Power-line communication [2]
Connectors
- OBD-2 (16 pin)
Additionally, many major car manufacturers use their own proprietary vehicle bus standards, or overlay proprietary messages over open protocols such as CAN.
- J1939 (9 pin)
Commercial class vehicles have Type-I or Type-II connectors that support CAN based communication per the SAE J1939 protocol.[3]
Protocols usage
Protocol/Version | Start/End Year | Manufacturer | Vehicle Types |
---|---|---|---|
FlexRay | 2008? | BMW | cars |
FlexRay | 2008? | Volkswagen | cars |
FlexRay | 2008? | Daimler AG | cars |
FlexRay | — | General Motors | cars |
CAN | 1986 | Bosch | many |
MOST | ? | Ford, BMW, Daimler, and GM | cars |
J1850 | — | GM | cars |
J1850 | 2008? | Chrysler | cars |
J1850 | — | Ford | cars |
APC | — | Ford | cars |
ISO-9141-I/-II | 2008? | Ford | cars |
VAN | 2000? | PSA Peugeot Citroën | cars |
VAN | 2008? | Renault | cars |
J1939 | 2005–present | many | heavy trucks (Class 5–8) |
J1708/1587 | 1985–present | Volvo AB, most US truck manufacturers | heavy trucks (Class 5–8) |
References
- ^ Philips, E.H. (5 February 2007). "The Electric Jet". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
- ^ "MiG-35 Multi-Role Combat Aircraft". Defense Update. Israel. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.