Westminster School
Westminster School | |
---|---|
Latin: Dat Deus Incrementum (God Gives the Increase) | |
Religious affiliation(s) | Church of England[1] |
Established | Earliest records date from the 14th century, refounded in 1560 |
Founder | Henry VIII (1541) Elizabeth I (1560 – refoundation) |
Local authority | City of Westminster |
Department for Education URN | 101162 Tables |
Chairman of Governors | Mark Batten[3] |
Head Master | Gary Savage[2] |
Staff | 105 |
Gender | Boys Coeducational (Sixth Form)[6][7] |
Age | 13 (boys), 16 (girls) to 18 |
Enrolment | 747 |
Houses | Busby's College Ashburnham Dryden's Grant's Hakluyt's Liddell's Milne's Purcell's Rigaud's Wren's |
Colour(s) | Pink |
Publication | The Elizabethan |
Former pupils | Old Westminsters |
Website | www |
Westminster School is a
Boys join the
The school has produced three Nobel laureates:
Westminster School is included in The Schools Index of the world's 150 best private schools and among top 30 senior schools in the UK.[18]
History
The earliest records of a school at Westminster date back to the 1340s and are held in Westminster Abbey's Muniment Room.[19] Parts of the buildings now used by the school date back to the tenth-century Anglo-Saxon abbey at Westminster.[20]
In 1540,
In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary, but possibly because the man was trying to arrest a consort of the boys. [31] Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills.
Until the 19th century, the curriculum was predominantly made up of Latin and Greek, and all taught up School.[32] Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the school to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission[33] on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close. The Dean of Westminster was ex officio the Chair of the Governing Body until 2020 and remains a Governor. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the school. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, were also ex officio members of the school's Governing Body until 2020.[34]
Unusually among public schools, Westminster did not adopt most of the broader changes associated with the
Westminster Under School was formed in 1943[35] in the evacuated school buildings in Westminster, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of eight to 13 (now seven to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11 and Jeremy Bentham from the age of eight.[36] The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square,[37] overlooking the school's playing fields. Its current Master is Kate Jefferson.[38]
In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the school. Girls became full members in 1973.[39] In 1981, a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created for girls. In 1997 the school expanded further with the creation of a new day house, Milne's, at 5a, Dean's Yard.
In 2005 the school was one of 50 leading independent schools found guilty of running a cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to collaborate in uncompetitive fees for thousands of customers.[40][41] Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.".[42] However, each school agreed to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[43][44][45]
In 2007, the school responded to an invitation to become the sponsor of
In 2010 the school and the abbey celebrated the 450th anniversary of the granting of their royal charter and Elizabeth I's refoundation of the school in 1560. Queen Elizabeth II with the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a controversial statue in Little Dean's Yard of the Queen's namesake Elizabeth I, the nominal foundress of the School, by Old Westminster sculptor Matthew Spender.[46] The head of the statue came off in May 2016 after a Sixth Former (a pupil in Year 12) tried to climb onto the statue. The head has since been reattached.
In May 2013, the school was criticized for staging an auction involving the selling of internships to fund bursaries, resulting in adverse press coverage.[47]
In December 2017, the school announced plans to open six schools in China, working with the
The school stands mainly in the precincts of the medieval monastery of Westminster Abbey,
Just outside the abbey precincts in Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop on the site of the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art,[56] Theology, Philosophy and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre[57] is further away, just off Smith Square.[58] As part of an expansion programme funded by donations and a legacy from A. A. Milne,[59] the school has acquired the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and performances;[60][61] the Manoukian Centre for Music Lessons[62][63][64] (timetabled and private) and recitals; and the Weston Building at 3 Dean's Yard.[65][66] It often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.
The playing fields are half a mile away at
In 2011, the school agreed to buy a 999-year lease of
Westminster was the 13th most expensive HMC day school and tenth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2014/2015[75] It achieved the highest percentage of students accepted by Oxbridge colleges over the period 2002–2006,[76] and was ranked as best boys' school in the country in terms of GCSE results in 2017.[77] In 2019, 84% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, while 80% scored A*-A for their GCSEs.[78]
Notable buildings
Westminster School, in the middle of the
The Great Cloisters, St Faith's Chapel, The Chapter House, The Parlour, 1 and 2 The Cloisters, and the dormitory with the Chapel of St Dunstan are listed Grade I as a group on the National Heritage List for England.[79] The dormitory at Little Dean's Yard and the staircase and doorway in Little Dean's Yard to the Busby Library are separately listed Grade I.[80][81]
College Hall, the 14th-century abbot's state dining hall, is one of the oldest and finest examples of a medieval refectory and still in daily use for that purpose in term-time; outside of term it reverts to the dean as the abbot's successor.
College, now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's, is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden,[85] the former monastery's Infirmary garden, which is still the property of the Collegiate Church of Westminster Abbey. College dates from 1729 and was designed by the Earl of Burlington, based on earlier designs by Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster).
School, originally built in the 1090s as the monks' dormitory, is the school's main hall, used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers in the Westminster dialect of
The building lies directly on top of the Westminster Abbey museum in the Norman Undercroft, and ends at the start of the Pyx Chamber.
Both School and College had their roofs destroyed by incendiary bombs in the Blitz of 1941. They were re-opened by
Customs
The Greaze has been held "up School" (in the School Hall) on Shrove Tuesday since at least 1753.[97] The head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, which was used from the 16th century to curtain off the Under School from the Great School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster, the Head Master, and the upper year groups of the school[98] and distinguished or even occasionally royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs for a half-holiday for the whole school. Weighing scales are on hand in the event of a dispute. A cook who failed to get the pancake over the bar after three attempts would formerly have been "booked" or pelted with Latin primers, but that tradition has long lapsed.[99][100]
The privilege of being the first
Despite the formal separation from the abbey,
Since the monastic Christmas revels of medieval times, Latin plays have been presented by Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age, Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales to the play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the King's Scholars gives the Latin prologue. The 1938 play caused a diplomatic incident, with the German ambassador withdrawing offended by the words Magna Germania figuring in extenso on a map of Europe displayed.
The King's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the 19th century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.
There is a Westminster jargon little known to the general public:
- Years 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 are called Fifth Form, Lower Shell, Upper Shell, Sixth Form and Remove, respectively.
- Green is Dean's Yard.
- Yard is Little Dean's Yard.
- School is the main school hall, where Latin Prayers, exams and major plays and talks take place.
- Sanctuary is the area outside the Great West Door of the Abbey off Broad Sanctuary.
- Fields is Vincent Square.
- The preposition "up" is used to mean "at" or "towards" (hence up School). At my house (boarding/day) and home can be differentiated thus, up House means at School and at my house means at home.
Entry
There are four main points of entry for pupils:
- For the Under School, at ages 7, 8, and 11, judged by a combination of internal exam and interview.[107]
- For the Great School for entry at age 13, judged by either the ISEB Common Entrance Examination, a standardised, national set of exams for entrance to independent schools,[108] for standard entry; a second-round set of internal examinations in English and Mathematics; or the Challenge, an internal set of exams for scholarship entry; as well as an interview.
- For the Great School for entry at age 16, judged by subject-specific exams and interviews and conditional upon GCSEresults. This is the only point of entry for girls, and only a handful of boys join at this point each year.
As well as the normally eight annual King's Scholarships, which pay 80 per cent of boarding fees, there are Honorary Scholarships for boys who pass the Challenge and could have been scholars but do not want to board, and Exhibitions for a few candidates who were close to scholarship standard – however, neither of these carry any fee reduction or other financial benefits. Notably, Stephen Hawking was entered for the Challenge in 1952, but fell ill on the day of the Challenge examination. His parents could not pay the fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, and so he did not attend school.
Houses
The school is split into 11
Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit girls; RR is the only boarding house not to admit girls as boarders (up until 2020) and PP does not admit boys as boarders.[109]
House | Abbr. | Founded | Named after | Colours | Pupils | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boarding | Day | ||||||
College | CC | 1560 | n/a | Dark green | Mixed[110] | None | |
Grant's | GG | 1750 | The "mothers" Grant – landladies who owned the property and put up boys in the days before boarding existed, when the School only accommodated Scholars; the oldest house in any of the Public Schools. | ■ | Maroon on light blue | Mixed | Mixed |
Rigaud's | RR | pre-1896 (rebuilt) | Stephen Jordan Rigaud – former schoolmaster
|
■ | Black on orange (Tie uses orange on black) | Mixed | Mixed |
Busby's | BB | 1925 | Richard Busby – former headmaster | ■ | Dark blue on maroon | Mixed | Mixed |
Liddell's | LL | 1956 | Henry Liddell – former headmaster | ■ | Blue on yellow (ties are yellow on black or yellow and silver on black) | Mixed | Mixed |
Purcell's[a] | PP | 1981 | Henry Purcell – former organist of Westminster Abbey | ■ | White on purple | Girls | Boys |
Ashburnham | AHH | 1881 | The Earls of Ashburnham whose London house is now part of the School | ■ | Light blue on dark blue | None | Mixed |
Wren's | WW | 1948 | Christopher Wren | ■ | Pink on black (Blue and Maroon used on ties) | ||
Dryden's | DD | 1976 | John Dryden | ■ | Silver on red (Tie uses separated silver and red stripes on dark blue) | ||
Hakluyt's | HH | 1987 | Richard Hakluyt[111] | ■ | Yellow on blue | ||
Milne's | MM | 1997 | A. A. Milne | ■ | Black on orange (Tie uses Red and Yellow) |
All King's Scholars, both boys and girls, are required to board in College (unless under exceptional circumstances). Wren's was formerly known as Homeboarders and Dryden's as Dale's. Before it was rebuilt, Rigaud's was known as Clapham's and Best's.
Sport ("Station")
The school has three
Westminster School Boat Club is the oldest rowing club in the world, located on the River Thames. The Oxford University Boat Club uses Westminster's boathouse at Putney as its HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1997 and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999.[112] The school's colour is pink; Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear the colour.[113] One story goes that, at one annual Eton-Westminster rowing race, both crews arrived wearing pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbons (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity.[citation needed] The premier Leander Club at Henley, founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted it, although they call the colour cerise.[114] The only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, whose team also wears pink.
Since 1810, when the Head Master,
Westminster played in the
Westminster has a historic joint claim to a major role in developing Association Football.
Head masters
- Since 2020 Gary Savage
- 2014–2020 Patrick Derham
- 2005–2014 Stephen Spurr
- 1998–2005 Tristram Jones-Parry
- 1986–1998 David Summerscale
- 1970–1986 John Malcolm Rae
- 1957–1970 John Dudley Carleton
- 1950–1957 Walter Hamilton
- 1937–1950 John Traill Christie
- 1919–1936 Harold Costley-White
- 1901–1919 James Gow
- 1883–1901 William Gunion Rutherford
- 1855–1883 Charles Broderick Scott
- 1846–1855 Henry George Liddell
- 1828–1846 Richard Williamson
- 1819–1828 Edmund Goodenough
- 1815–1819 William Page
- 1803-1814 William Carey
- 1802 John Wingfield
- 1788–1802 William Vincent
- 1764–1788 Samuel Smith
- 1764 John Hinchliffe
- 1753–1764 William Markham
- 1733–1753 John Nicoll
- 1711–1733 Robert Freind
- 1695–1711 Thomas Knipe
- 1639–1695 Richard Busby
- 1621–1639 Lambert Osbaldeston (jointly with Wilson until 1626)
- 1610–1626 John Wilson
- 1598–1610 Richard Ireland
- 1593–1597 William Camden
- 1572–1592 Edward Grant
- 1570–1572 Francis Howlyn
- 1564–1570 Thomas Browne
- 1563 John Randall
- 1562 Robert Rolle
- 1557 John Passey
- 1555–1556 Nicholas Udall
- 1543–1555 Alexander Nowell
- 1540 John Adams
Other notable staff
- Nick Bevan (rowing coach, later headmaster of Shiplake College)
- John Sargeaunt (English Master)
Controversies
Fee fixing
Between 2001 and 2004, the school was one of fifty
Rape culture and racism
Two independent reviews were commissioned after national campaigns from Everyone's Invited and Black Lives Matter prompted evidence of rape culture and racism at Westminster School.[126] In March 2022, the school issued a "sincere and unreserved" apology for harm caused by racism, sexual harassment and other harmful sexual behaviour.[126][127]
Review into harmful sexual behaviours
In March 2021, alumni compiled a "dossier of rape culture" at the school.[128] A 21-page document included 76 entries on "everyday life" for female pupils and included claims of rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment.[129] Allegations were levelled at both students and teachers.[128][130]
In March 2022, a review into harmful sexual behaviour at the school was headed by Fiona Scolding QC. The review considered 44 Westminster-related posts submitted to Everyone's Invited alongside other evidence. The review found that 25% of pupils and 65% of girls surveyed said they experienced physical or verbal harmful sexual behaviours, sexual discrimination, and unwanted sharing of images.[126] There was also "a strong sense from pupil interviewees of a social hierarchy within the school where some male pupils' status was dictated by familial wealth, academic success and charisma."[126] Submissions to Everyone's Invited also recalled the Westminster Tree: website that mapped sexual contact between students.[131]
A total of 44 recommendations included an overhaul of the school's relationships and sex education curriculum, "active bystander" training, and a greater emphasis on building healthy relationships. The report also recommended training for housemasters, matrons, and tutors on managing pastoral issues including mental health. Other recommendations include a behavioural code of conduct for students informed by the student body.[126]
Racism and race review
In 2020, more than 250 alumni signed a letter lobbying the school to combat the "toxic culture of racism within the student body." Signatories complained that Westminster did not include any black authors in their curriculum and overlooked Britain's role in the slave trade.[132]
In March 2022, Challenge Consultancy published a Race Review of Westminster School that found "continued denial of the racism and the invisibility of the issue".[126] Challenge Consultancy was commissioned by Westminster School to facilitate understanding of how staff and pupils perceive the culture around race, ethnicity and cultural diversity and consider how it can better engage with these issues in the future. The review's authors were led by Femi Otitoju who found evidence that international pupils including British Asian, British Black, Chinese and Jewish pupils "recounted a lack of sensitivity and delays in responding to emotions they experienced when calling out unacceptable behaviour".[126] 25 recommendations included the recruitment of "diverse teaching staff," a publicised racial harassment policy, and an increased offer of counselling for victims.[126] The review also stressed that food service assistants and cleaning staff need to be "treated with dignity and respect in induction for staff and pupils."
Former pupils
About 900 people educated at Westminster School are in the
- Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616), writer[133]
- Thomas Braddock (1556–1607), clergyman and translator[134]
- Ben Jonson (1573–1637), poet and dramatist[135]
- Arthur Dee (1579–1651), alchemist and royal physician
- George Herbert (1593–1633), public orator and poet[136]
- John Dryden (1631–1700), poet and playwright[137]
- John Locke (1632–1704), philosopher[138]
- Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), architect and scientist, co-founder of the Royal Society[139]
- Robert Hooke (1635–1703), scientist[140]
- Henry Purcell (1659–1695), composer
- Joseph Thurston (1704–1732), poet admired by Alexander Pope[141]
- Methodist preacher and writer of over 6,000 hymns[142]
- Sir Charles Asgill, 1st Baronet (1714–1788), banker and Lord Mayor of London (1757–1758)
- Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel (1725–1786), First Lord of the Admiralty
- Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton(1735–1811), Prime Minister
- Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), historian[143]
- American War of Independence, and French Revolutionary War, later Governor of Gibraltar
- Presidency
- Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), lawyer, eccentric and philosopher[144]
- Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), American soldier, politician, and diplomat
- Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet (1762–1823), British soldier and principal in the Asgill Affair
- Robert Southey (1774–1843), poet, historian and biographer[145]
- Matthew Lewis (1775–1818), novelist and dramatist[146]
- FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855), lost his right arm at Waterloo, C-in-C in the Crimea who is honoured with a statue in Dean's Yard
- John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878), Prime Minister
- Anglican bishop of Adelaide, South Australia
- Harry Robert Kempe (1852–1935), electrical engineer, author and editor.[147]
- A. A. Milne (1882–1956, QS), author and journalist[148]
- Minister during World War II, chairman of the National Theatre Board
- Hossein Ala' (1882–1964), former Prime Minister of Iran
- Sir Adrian Boult (1889–1983), conductor
- Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian(1889–1977) Nobel prize winner
- Charles William Anderson Scott (1903–1946), pioneer aviator
- Sir John Gielgud (1904–2000, GG), actor and director[149]
- Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith (1909–1981), historian[150]
- Sir Norman Parkinson (1913–1990), portrait and fashion photographer
- Richard Stone (1913–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics[151]
- Roger Kidner (1914–2007), publisher and railway photographer[152]
- Sir Andrew Huxley (1917–2012), Nobel prizewinning physiologist
- Sir Peter Ustinov (1921–2004), actor, writer, director and raconteur[153]
- John Cole (1923–1995), fashion photographer
- Tony Benn (1925–2014), politician[154]
- Peter Brook (1925–2022, LL 1937–1938), theatre director
- Nigel Lawson (1932–2023, WW 1945–1950), former Chancellor of the Exchequer, father of Nigella Lawson
- Simon Gray (1936–2008, WW 1949–1954), playwright and diarist[155]
- Jonathan Fenby (born 1942, LL 1956–1960), journalist, author and former Editor of The Observer and South China Morning Post
- The Periodic Table of Videos[156]
- Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948, QS 1960–1965), composer and producer[157]
- Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952, WW 1966–1970), director, playwright and television dramatist[158]
- Chris Huhne (born 1954), disgraced Liberal Democrat politician
- Dominic Grieve (born 1956), former attorney-general and pro-European politician
- Jon Crowcroft (born 1957), Professor at the University of Cambridge
- Shane MacGowan (1957-2023, AHH 1972–1973), musician
- Adam Boulton (born 1959), journalist, broadcaster and author
- Andrew Graham-Dixon (born 1960), art critic and writer
- Edward St Aubyn (born 1960), author and journalist[159]
- Timothy Winter (born 1960), Shaykh Zayed Lecturer in Islamic Studies, Faculty of Divinity, Cambridge University
- David Heyman (born 1961), film producer[160][161][162]
- Alexander Beard (born 1963), arts administrator
- Matt Frei (born 1963, RR 1978–1981), broadcaster[163]
- Ian Bostridge (born 1964), classical tenor
- Gavin Rossdale (born 1965), musician, songwriter, and lead singer with rock band Bush
- Michael Sherwood (born 1965), banker
- Lucasta Miller (born 1966), writer and critic
- Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966, LL 1982–1984), actress[164]
- Jason Kouchak (born 1967), pianist and composer
- Noreena Hertz (born 1967, CC 1983–85), economist and campaigner
- Nick Clegg (born 1967, LL), Liberal Democrat leader, MP for Sheffield Hallam, former Deputy Prime Minister[165]
- James Robbins (1968–1972, GG), broadcaster
- Ruth Kelly (born 1968, DD 1984–86), cabinet minister[166]
- Afshin Rattansi (RR 1981–83), journalist
- Marcel Theroux (born 1968), novelist and broadcaster[167]
- Joe Cornish(born 1968), broadcaster, director and screenwriter
- Adam Buxton (born 1969), comedian
- Giles Coren (born 1969, RR 1982–1988), journalist
- Lucy Walker (born 1970), documentary film-maker[168]
- Louis Theroux (born 1970), broadcaster
- Jonathan Yeo (born 1970), artist
- Dido Armstrong (born 1971, WW, 1987–1989), British musician under the name "Dido"
- Polly Arnold (born 1972) Director of the Chemical Sciences Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Martha Lane Fox (born 1973), head of Digital Public Services[169]
- James Reynolds (born 1974), BBC News presenter
- Conrad Shawcross (born 1977), artist
- Pinny Grylls (born 1978, HH 1994–1996), documentary film-maker
- Benjamin Yeoh (born 1978), playwright
- Christian Coulson (born 1978), Harry Potter actor
- Simon Ambrose (born 1979), Chairman of the London Contemporary Orchestra
- Alexander Shelley (born 1979), conductor
- Anna Stothard (born 1983), novelist
- Michael Penniman(born 1983), musician under the name "Mika"
- Jack Farthing (born 1985), actor
- Grace Chatto (born 1985), cellist in the band Clean Bandit
- Alfred Enoch (born 1988), Harry Potter actor
- Alexander Guttenplan (born 1990), captain of winning University Challenge team 2010
- Jack Aitken (born 1995), racing driver
- Blondey McCoy (born 1997), artist and model
- Olivia Hardy(2021-2023), singer
Victoria Cross holders
Six pupils of Westminster have been awarded the Victoria Cross:
- Edmund Henry Lenon (1830–1893, at Westminster June 1851 – 1855)
- William George Hawtry Bankes (1836–1858) (at Westminster April 1850 – 1856)
- Sir First World War
- Arthur Martin-Leake (1874–1953; at Westminster June 1888 – 1891), one of only three to receive twice[170]
- William Hew Clark-Kennedy(1879–1961, at Westminster June 1893 – 1896)
- Richard Wakeford (1921–1972, at Westminster June 1934 – 1940)
See also
- List of the oldest schools in the world
- Old Westminsters F.C.
- Schools' Head of the River Race
- The Old Boys' Network
Notes
- ^ Formerly Barton Street, and originally a part of Dryden's
References
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- ^ "About the Abbey". Westminster Abbey.
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- ^ The King's Nurseries, John Field, page 29
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- ^ "Dr. Richard Busby's legacy". Clutch.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Up School" is a Westminster term, meaning in or to the ancient school hall.
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- ISBN 9780719025808. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Westminster School: The Governing Body". www.westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
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- ^ The Record of Old Westminsters
- ^ "Innovative. Individual. Inspirational". Education UK. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Westminster Under School". Westminsterunder.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ Rae, John (18 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network". The Spectator. London. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ Halpin, Tony (10 November 2005). "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees". The Times. London.(subscription required)
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Further reading
- John Rae (2009). The Old Boy's Network. Short Books.
- Tony Trowles (2005). A Guide to the Literature of Westminster Abbey, Westminster School and St. Margaret's Church 1571–2000. Boydell Press.
- John Rae(1994). Delusions of Grandeur: A Headmaster's Life. HarperCollins.
- Lance Bertelsen (1987). The Nonsense Club: Literature and Popular Culture, 1749–1764. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812859-5.
- John Field (1986). The King's Nurseries: The Story of Westminster School (2nd ed.). James & James. ISBN 978-0-907383-01-7.
- John Dudley Carleton (1965). Westminster School: A History (revised ed.). R. Hart-Davis.
- Lawrence Edward Tanner (1934). Westminster School: A History. Country Life.
- Reginald Airy (1902). Handbooks to the Great Public Schools: Westminster. George Bell & Sons.
- John Sargeaunt (1898). Annals of Westminster School. Methuen.
- Frederic Forshall (1884). Westminster School: Past and Present. Wyman & Sons.
- Westminster School Almanack
External links