William Sanders Scarborough

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William S. Scarborough
Scarborough in 1903
Scarborough in 1903
President of Wilberforce University
In office
1908–1920
Preceded byJoshua H. Jones
Succeeded byJohn A. Gregg
Personal details
Born
William Sanders Scarborough

(1852-02-16)February 16, 1852
Atlanta University
Oberlin College
Occupationprofessor

William Sanders Scarborough (February 16, 1852 – September 9, 1926) is generally thought to be the first

classical scholar. Born into slavery, Scarborough served as president of Wilberforce University between 1908 and 1920. He wrote a popular university textbook on Classical Greek
that was widely used in the 19th century.

Early life and education

Scarborough was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1852 to Jesse and Frances Scarborough, a free railway employee, and an enslaved mother. Laws prescribed that he inherit his mother's status. His father had been freed in about 1846 but remained in Georgia to be with his mother.

Despite prohibitions against educating slaves, he was educated surreptitiously and had mastered the three R's, geography, and grammar by the age of 10. He became an apprentice shoemaker and served as the secretary of a prominent black association at an early age due to his level of education.[1][2]

After the end of the

Atlanta University in 1869 for two years before enrolling at Oberlin College. Scarborough completed his degree at Oberlin in 1875. He also completed his degree at Atlanta University - now Clark Atlanta University - in June 1876.[3][1][2]

Early career

After graduating from college, Scarborough returned as a teacher in classical languages to Lewis High School, where he met his future wife Sarah Bierce, who was the principal. Arsonists burned Lewis High School in 1876, and the local fire brigade let it burn to the ground. Scarborough briefly became principal of the Payne Institute in Cokesbury, South Carolina, but found the racial environment in South Carolina made it less hospitable than Georgia. He then returned to Oberlin to complete his master's degree.[1][2]

Wilberforce University

Scarborough became a professor in the classical department at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1877. He married the white divorcée Bierce, who had been a missionary in 1881 and also became a teacher at Wilberforce. Professor Scarborough published a popular Classical Greek textbook, First Lessons in Greek, in 1881 and became the first postmaster in Wilberforce in the same year. A second book, Birds of Aristophanes, followed in 1886.[1][2]

Despite his prominence as a scholar, Scarborough suffered the effects of racial discrimination throughout his career. In 1909 when he had just become the president of Wilberforce, he was prohibited from attending an

Baltimore, Maryland, because the hotel refused to serve dinner if he was present, and they were threatening to sue for breach of contract if the Association canceled the Conference. The paper that he was due to read at the conference was read by someone else. However, in 1892, Scarborough gave a lecture on Plato at the University of Virginia in a room hung with pictures of Jefferson Davis and other confederate leaders and where no other African Americans were allowed except as servants.[4]

Scarborough in 1915

In 1908, Scarborough was appointed President of Wilberforce University, serving in that position until 1920. Wilberforce University was the third oldest African American college and Scarborough was considered one of the leading African American scholars. As such, he published a number of papers on Negro education, as well as his works on classical languages[citation needed].

Final years

In 1921, President

Henry Louis Gates
.

Scarborough was a participant at the London session of the second Pan-African Congress held in 1921.

Associations

Scarborough was the third African American to join the

Liberia College in 1882.[1][2]

He was a participant in the March 5, 1897 meeting to celebrate the memory of Frederick Douglass which founded the American Negro Academy led by Alexander Crummell.[5] Scarborough played an active role in the early years of this first major African American learned society, which refuted racist scholarship, promoted black claims to individual, social, and political equality, and studied the history and sociology of African American life.[6]

Works

  • First Lessons in Greek (A.S. Barnes & Co, 1881)
  • Birds of Aristophanes (1886)
  • Questions on Latin Grammar, with Appendix. (University Publication Company of New York 1887)
  • The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough: An American Journey From Slavery to Scholarship (Unpublished during his lifetime)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p410-418
  2. ^ a b c d e Culp, Daniel Wallace (1902). Twentieth century Negro literature; or, A cyclopedia of thought on the vital topics relating to the American Negro. Atlanta: J. L. Nichols & Co. p. 415.
  3. ISBN 9780195309621
    .
  4. ^ "A classical scholar's odyssey from slavery to academic renown". www.ur.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  5. ^ Seraile, William. Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2003. p110-111
  6. ^ Alfred A. Moss. The American Negro Academy: Voice of the Talented Tenth. Louisiana State University Press, 1981.

Further reading

External links

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