Wisconsin

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Coordinates: 44°N 90°W / 44°N 90°W / 44; -90 (State of Wisconsin)
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"Badger State" redirects here. For other uses, see Wisconsin (disambiguation) and Badger State (disambiguation).

Wisconsin
State
Milwaukee County
Largest metro and urban areasMilwaukee
Government
 • GovernorTony Evers (D)
 • Lieutenant governorSara Rodriguez (D)
LegislatureWisconsin Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseAssembly
JudiciaryWisconsin Supreme Court
U.S. senators
U.S. House delegation
  • 6 Republicans
  • 2 Democrats
(
Wisconsinite, Cheesehead (colloquial)
Language
 • Official languageNone
 • Spoken language
  • English 91.32%
  • Spanish 4.64%
  • Other 8.68%[12]
Sugar maple
  • Acer saccharum
    • BeverageMilk
    DancePolka
    Food
    • Corn
    • Zea mays
    Fossil
    MineralGalena
    RockRed granite
    TartanWisconsin tartan

    Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ⓘ wiss-CON-sin)[13] is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 20th-largest state by population and 23rd-largest by area. It has 72 counties and as of the 2020 census had a population of nearly 5.9 million.[14] Its most populous city is Milwaukee; its capital and second-most populous city is Madison. Other urban areas include Green Bay, Kenosha, Racine, Eau Claire, and the Fox Cities.[15]

    Scandinavian American culture,[19] particularly in respect to its cuisine, with foods such as bratwurst and kringle
    .

    Wisconsin is one of the nation's leading

    gross domestic product in 2020 was $348 billion.[26] Wisconsin is home to one UNESCO World Heritage Site, comprising two of the most significant buildings designed by Wisconsin-born architect Frank Lloyd Wright: his studio at Taliesin near Spring Green and his Jacobs I House in Madison.[27] The Republican Party was founded in Wisconsin in 1854; in modern elections, it is considered a swing state
    .

    Etymology

    The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the

    anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845.[30]

    The

    Ojibwa words meaning 'red stone place', 'where the waters gather', or 'great rock'.[32]

    History

    Main article: History of Wisconsin

    Early history

    Guillaume de L'Isle
    map, with the approximate state area highlighted

    Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 14,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the

    Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.[37]

    European settlements

    Main articles: New France, Canada (New France), French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), Province of Quebec (1763–1791), and Indian Reserve (1763)
    Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin. The mural is located in the Brown County Courthouse in Green Bay.

    The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer

    Charles de Langlade in 1764, settled in Wisconsin permanently, rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[41]

    The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present-day

    French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764.[41] Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Baye". However, British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and to French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.[42]

    Joseph Roi built the Tank Cottage in Green Bay in 1776. Located in Heritage Hill State Historical Park, it is the oldest standing building from Wisconsin's early years and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[43]

    U.S. territory

    Main articles: American Revolutionary War, Treaty of Paris (1783), Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory, Illinois Territory, Michigan Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Wisconsin Territory
    The Francois Vertefeuille House in Prairie du Chien was built in the 1810s by fur traders.

    Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. In 1787, it became part of the Northwest Territory. As territorial boundaries subsequently developed, it was then part of Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1809, Illinois Territory from 1809 to 1818, and Michigan Territory from 1818 to 1836. However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area.[44] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Dodgeville, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug, and earned the nickname "badgers", leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State".[45] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts of the state.[46]

    Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the New England states.[47]

    Statehood

    Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
    On May 29, 1948, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp celebrating the 100th anniversary of Wisconsin statehood, featuring the state capitol building and map of Wisconsin.

    The

    Lutheran
    institutions.

    The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. More than a third of residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans, 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales, and 21,000 Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin.[52]

    abolitionist, was the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories.[53]

    Further information: Pioneer Women in Wisconsin

    Civil War

    Main article: Wisconsin in the American Civil War
    The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon held the nation's first meeting of the Republican Party.
    The 8th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment with Old Abe

    Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.[54] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.[55] During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[56]

    Economic progress

    The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in Chase was built in 1903, as dairy farming spread across the state.

    Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like

    La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.[58]
    These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.

    Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by

    University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland".[59] Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped re-establish the state's forests during the early 20th century,[60] paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and tool-making, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.[61]

    20th century

    Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette addresses an assembly, 1905
    Suffragists campaigning, 1916. Wisconsin was among the earliest states to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.[62]

    The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of

    primary election system,[63] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[64] and the first state income tax,[65]
    making taxation proportional to actual earnings.

    During World War I, due to the neutrality of Wisconsin and many Wisconsin Republicans, progressives, and German immigrants which made up 30 to 40 percent of the state population, Wisconsin would gain the nickname "Traitor State" which was used by many "hyper patriots".[66][67][68][69]

    As the war raged on in Europe, Robert M. La Follette, leader of the anti-war movement in Wisconsin. led a group of progressive senators in blocking a bill by president Woodrow Wilson which would have armed merchant ships with guns. Many Wisconsin politicians such as Emanuel L. Philipp and Irvine Lenroot were accused of having divided loyalties.[70] Even with outspoken opponents to the war, at the onset of the war many Wisconsinites would abandon neutrality. Businesses, labor and farms all enjoyed prosperity from the war. With over 118,000 going into military service, Wisconsin was the first state to report for the national drafts conducted by the U.S. military.[71]

    The progressive

    unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[73] Other Wisconsin Idea scholars at the university generated the plan that became the New Deal's Social Security Act of 1935, with Wisconsin expert Arthur J. Altmeyer playing the key role.[74]

    In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over issues such as creation of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. However, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Chinese Communist Revolution succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.[75]

    Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state undertook welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[76] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

    21st century

    In 2011, Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly elected governor

    a recall election held the next year, becoming the first governor in United States history to do so.[78]

    Geography

    Main article: Geography of Wisconsin
    Wisconsin is divided into five geographic regions.
    sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice age glaciers. Pictured is the confluence of the Mississippi and Wisconsin
    rivers.
    Sea caves are located on the shorelines of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior
    .

    Wisconsin is located in the Midwestern United States and is part of both the Great Lakes region and Upper Midwest. The state has a total area of 65,496 square miles (169,630 km2). Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.[79]

    With its location between the

    Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment and the Magnesian Escarpment.[80][81][82] In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River, and the Baraboo Range. This region is part of the Driftless Area
    , which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest.

    Wisconsin has geologic formations and deposits that vary in age from over three billion years to several thousand years, with most rocks being millions of years old.

    Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside the county called Antigo silt loam.[86]

    The state has more than 12,000 named rivers and streams, totaling 84,000 miles (135,000 km) in length.[87] It has over 15,000 named lakes, totaling about 1 million acres (4,000 km2). Lake Winnebago is the largest inland lake, with over 137,700 acres (557 km2), and 88 miles (142 km) of shoreline. Along the two Great Lakes, Wisconsin has over 500 miles (800 km) of shoreline.[88] Many of the named islands in Wisconsin are located in the Great Lakes; many surround the Door Peninsula in Lake Michigan or are part of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior.[89] The Mississippi River and inland lakes and rivers contain the rest of the islands of Wisconsin.

    Areas under the protection of the National Park Service include the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Ice Age National Scenic Trail, and portions of the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway and North Country National Scenic Trail.[90] There are an additional 18 National Natural Landmarks in the state that include dune and swales, swamps, bogs, and old-growth forests. Wisconsin has 50 state park units, covering more than 60,570 acres (245.1 km2) in state parks and state recreation areas maintained by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The Division of Forestry manages a further 471,329 acres (1,907.40 km2) in Wisconsin's state forests.[91]

    Climate

    Köppen climate types of Wisconsin
    Further information: Climate change in Wisconsin

    Most of Wisconsin is classified as warm-summer

    Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches (100 cm) in the southern portions with up to 160 inches (410 cm) annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year.[92]

    Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities [°F (°C)]
    City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
    Green Bay 25/10
    (−4/−12)     		29/13
    (−2/−11)     		40/23
    (5/−5)     		55/35
    (13/1)     		67/45
    (19/7)     		76/55
    (25/13)     		81/59
    (27/15)     		79/58
    (26/14)     		71/49
    (22/10)     		58/38
    (14/4)     		43/28
    (6/−2)     		30/15
    (−1/−9)
    Hurley 19/0
    (−7/−18)     		26/4
    (−4/−16)     		36/16
    (2/−9)     		49/29
    (9/−2)     		65/41
    (18/5)     		73/50
    (23/10)     		76/56
    (25/13)     		75/54
    (24/12)     		65/46
    (18/8)     		53/35
    (12/2)     		36/22
    (2/−6)     		24/8
    (−5/−14)
    La Crosse
    		 26/6
    (−3/−14)     		32/13
    (0/−11)     		45/24
    (7/−4)     		60/37
    (16/3)     		72/49
    (22/9)     		81/58
    (27/14)     		85/63
    (29/17)     		82/61
    (28/16)     		74/52
    (23/11)     		61/40
    (16/4)     		44/27
    (7/−3)     		30/14
    (−1/−10)
    Madison 27/11
    (−3/−12)     		32/15
    (0/−9)     		44/25
    (7/−4)     		58/36
    (14/2)     		69/46
    (21/8)     		79/56
    (26/13)     		82/61
    (28/16)     		80/59
    (27/15)     		73/50
    (23/10)     		60/39
    (15/3)     		45/28
    (7/−2)     		31/16
    (−1/−9)
    Milwaukee 29/16
    (−2/−9)     		33/19
    (0/−7)     		42/28
    (6/−2)     		54/37
    (12/3)     		65/47
    (18/8)     		75/57
    (24/14)     		80/64
    (27/18)     		79/63
    (26/17)     		71/55
    (22/13)     		59/43
    (15/6)     		46/32
    (8/0)     		33/20
    (0/−7)
    Superior[93] 21/2
    (−6/−17)     		26/6
    (−3/−14)     		35/17
    (2/−8)     		46/29
    (8/-2)     		56/38
    (13/3)     		66/47
    (19/8)     		75/56
    (24/13)     		74/57
    (23/14)     		65/47
    (18/8)     		52/36
    (11/2)     		38/23
    (3/−5)     		25/9
    (−4/−13)
    Climate data for Wisconsin (normals 1981–2010)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °F (°C) 66
    (19)     		69
    (21)     		89
    (32)     		97
    (36)     		109
    (43)     		106
    (41)     		114
    (46)     		108
    (42)     		104
    (40)     		95
    (35)     		84
    (29)     		70
    (21)     		114
    (46)
    Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 23.9
    (−4.5)     		29.2
    (−1.6)     		40.6
    (4.8)     		55.5
    (13.1)     		67.3
    (19.6)     		76.3
    (24.6)     		80.4
    (26.9)     		78.2
    (25.7)     		69.8
    (21.0)     		56.9
    (13.8)     		41.2
    (5.1)     		27.5
    (−2.5)     		52.9
    (11.6)
    Daily mean °F (°C) 15.0
    (−9.4)     		19.6
    (−6.9)     		30.5
    (−0.8)     		44.0
    (6.7)     		55.3
    (12.9)     		64.7
    (18.2)     		69.1
    (20.6)     		67.1
    (19.5)     		58.7
    (14.8)     		46.5
    (8.1)     		33.1
    (0.6)     		19.4
    (−7.0)     		43.6
    (6.4)
    Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 3.7
    (−15.7)     		6.3
    (−14.3)     		18.3
    (−7.6)     		31.6
    (−0.2)     		42.6
    (5.9)     		52.4
    (11.3)     		57.2
    (14.0)     		55.0
    (12.8)     		47.1
    (8.4)     		36.2
    (2.3)     		23.7
    (−4.6)     		10.6
    (−11.9)     		31.8
    (−0.1)
    Record low °F (°C) −54
    (−48)     		−55
    (−48)     		−48
    (−44)     		−20
    (−29)     		7
    (−14)     		20
    (−7)     		27
    (−3)     		22
    (−6)     		10
    (−12)     		−7
    (−22)     		−34
    (−37)     		−52
    (−47)     		−55
    (−48)
    Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.15
    (29)     		1.03
    (26)     		1.80
    (46)     		2.63
    (67)     		3.54
    (90)     		4.17
    (106)     		3.79
    (96)     		3.78
    (96)     		3.75
    (95)     		2.38
    (60)     		2.00
    (51)     		1.27
    (32)     		31.29
    (794)
    Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.4
    (29)     		9.5
    (24)     		8.7
    (22)     		3.2
    (8.1)     		0.4
    (1.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.8
    (2.0)     		4.9
    (12)     		10.2
    (26)     		48.7
    (124)
    Source: "Wisconsin State Climatology Office".

    Cities

    Further information: List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population and Administrative divisions of Wisconsin
    Wisconsin counties

    Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns.

    counties
    with limited self-government.

    Over two-thirds of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas.[94] Milwaukee, in southeastern Wisconsin, is the state's most populous city, with approximately 580,000 people. The Milwaukee metropolitan area accounts for 1.57 million of the state's residents. With a population of nearly 280,000, the state capital of Madison is consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in both the state and country and is the fastest-growing city in Wisconsin.[95][96] The Madison metropolitan area in southern Wisconsin has about 680,000 residents.

    Medium-size cities dot the state. The largest of these is

    micropolitan statistical areas which typically anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[97]

     
     
    Largest cities or towns in Wisconsin
    Rank Name
    County
    		 Pop. Rank Name
    County
    		 Pop.
    Milwaukee
    Milwaukee
    Madison
    Madison     		1 Milwaukee Milwaukee 577,222 11 West Allis Milwaukee 60,325 Green Bay
    Green Bay
    Kenosha
    Kenosha
    2 Madison Dane 269,840 12 La Crosse La Crosse 52,680
    3 Green Bay Brown 107,395 13 Sheboygan Sheboygan 49,929
    4 Kenosha Kenosha 99,986 14 Wauwatosa Milwaukee 46,396
    5 Racine Racine 77,816 15 Fond du Lac Fond du Lac 44,678
    6 Appleton Outagamie 75,644 16 Brookfield Waukesha 41,464
    7 Waukesha Waukesha 71,158 17 New Berlin Waukesha 40,451
    8 Eau Claire Eau Claire 69,421 18 Wausau Marathon 39,994
    9 Oshkosh Winnebago 66,816 19 Menomonee Falls Waukesha 38,527
    10 Janesville Rock 65,615 20 Greenfield Milwaukee 37,803

    Demographics

    Population

    Historical population
    CensusPop.Note%±
    18201,444—
    18303,635151.7%
    184030,945751.3%
    1850305,391886.9%
    1860775,881154.1%
    18701,054,67035.9%
    18801,315,45724.7%
    18901,693,33028.7%
    19002,069,04222.2%
    19102,333,86012.8%
    19202,632,06712.8%
    19302,939,00611.7%
    19403,137,5876.8%
    19503,434,5759.5%
    19603,951,77715.1%
    19704,417,73111.8%
    19804,705,7676.5%
    19904,891,7694.0%
    20005,363,6759.6%
    20105,686,9866.0%
    20205,893,7183.6%
    2023 (est.)5,910,955[99]0.3%
    Source: 1910–2020[100]
    Wisconsin 2020 Population Density Map
    Ethnic origins in Wisconsin

    The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,822,434 on July 1, 2019, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States census.[101] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 150,659 people (i.e., 614,771 births minus 464,112 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 12,755 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 59,251 people, and migration from within the U.S. resulted in a net decrease of 72,006 people.[102]

    According to

    homeless people in Wisconsin.[103][104]

    Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
    Race and Ethnicity[105] Alone Total
    White (non-Hispanic)
    		 78.6% 78.6
     
    		 81.9% 81.9
     
    Hispanic or Latino[a] — 7.6% 7.6
     
    African American (non-Hispanic) 6.2% 6.2
     
    		 7.3% 7.3
     
    Asian 3.0% 3
     
    		 3.6% 3.6
     
    Native American 0.8% 0.8
     
    		 2.0% 2
     
    Pacific Islander 0.03% 0.03
     
    		 0.1% 0.1
     
    Other 0.3% 0.3
     
    		 1.1% 1.1
     
    Wisconsin historical population by race
    Racial composition 1990[106] 2000[107] 2010[108] 2020[109]
    White
    		 92.2% 88.9% 86.2% 80.4%
    Black
    		 5.0% 5.7% 6.3% 6.4%
    Asian
    		 1.1% 1.7% 2.3% 3.0%
    Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0%
    Native Hawaiian and
    other Pacific Islander
    		 – – – –
    Other race
    		 0.9% 1.6% 2.4% 3.1%
    Two or more races
    		 – 1.3% 1.8% 6.1%
    Hispanic or Latino

    (of any race)

    		1.9% 3.6% 5.9% 7.6%
    Non-Hispanic white 91.3% 87.3% 83.3% 78.6%

    In 2022, the five largest European ancestry groups were:

    Cuban (0.1%), with 0.9% reporting other Hispanic or Latino origins.[113]

    Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were

    Norwegian), Irish, and Poles. In the 20th century, a number of African Americans and Mexicans settled in Milwaukee; and after the end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs
    .

    The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although German immigrants settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegian immigrants settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settled primarily in urban areas.[114] Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with a Native American majority.

    African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities:

    Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.[115]

    About 33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is

    La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[116] 61,629 people in Wisconsin, or around 1% of the population, identify as Hmong.[117]

    Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[118]

    In 2018, the countries of origin for Wisconsin's immigrants came from Mexico, India, China, Laos and the Philippines.[119]

    Birth data
    Map of counties in Wisconsin by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
    Legend

    Note: Births in table add to over 100%, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

    Live births by single race or ethnicity of mother
    Race
    		 2013[120] 2014[121] 2015[122] 2016[123] 2017[124] 2018[125] 2019[126] 2020[127] 2021[128] 2022[129]
    White: 55,485 (83.2%) 55,520 (82.7%) 55,350 (82.6%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
    > Non-Hispanic White 49,357 (74.0%) 49,440 (73.6%) 49,024 (73.1%) 47,994 (72.0%) 46,309 (71.3%) 45,654 (71.2%) 44,784 (70.8%) 42,715 (70.5%) 43,991 (71.2%) 42,455 (70.7%)
    Black 6,956 (10.4%) 7,328 (10.9%) 7,386 (11.0%) 6,569 (9.9%) 6,864 (10.6%) 6,622 (10.3%) 6,859 (10.8%) 6,429 (10.6%) 5,964 (9.6%) 5,688 (9.5%)
    Asian 3,197 (4.8%) 3,333 (5.0%) 3,276 (4.9%) 3,220 (4.8%) 3,017 (4.6%) 3,155 (4.9%) 2,942 (4.6%) 2,870 (4.7%) 2,692 (4.3%) 2,661 (4.4%)
    American Indian 1,011 (1.5%) 980 (1.5%) 1,029 (1.5%) 689 (1.0%) 745 (1.1%) 707 (1.1%) 664 (1.0%) 573 (0.9%) 546 (0.9%) 533 (0.9%)
    Hispanic (of any race) 6,398 (9.6%) 6,375 (9.5%) 6,604 (9.9%) 6,504 (9.8%) 6,368 (9.8%) 6,365 (9.9%) 6,463 (10.2%) 6,438 (10.6%) 6,923 (11.2%) 6,971 (11.6%)
    Total Wisconsin 66,649 (100%) 67,161 (100%) 67,041 (100%) 66,615 (100%) 64,975 (100%) 64,098 (100%) 63,270 (100%) 60,594 (100%) 61,781 (100%) 60,049 (100%)
    • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

    Religion

    Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[130]

      
    Judaism (1%)
      Buddhism (1%)
      Hinduism (1%)
      Unitarian Universalism (1%)
      New Age (1%)
      Unaffiliated
    (25%)
      Other (1%)

    According to

    Catholic. Roughly 25% of the population were unaffiliated with any religious body. Small minorities of Jews (1%), Hindus (1%), Buddhists (1%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Unitarian Universalists (1%), Muslims (<1%), Mormons (<1%), and other faiths exist according to this study.[130]

    Christianity is the predominant religion in Wisconsin. Per the

    nondenominational Christianity
    .

    Crime

    Main article: Crime in Wisconsin

    Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/non-negligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[133] Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis.[134] The state reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[135] The state reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%.

    Economy

    See also:
    Wisconsin locations by per capita income

    In 2023, Wisconsin's

    gross state product was $413.966 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[136] The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism. The per capita personal income was $61,475 in 2022 and was $66,596 when adjusted by regional price parity. In 2024, the state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate has hovered at 3.0%, lower than the U.S. average.[137] Since 2009, Wisconsin's minimum wage has been $7.25, the same as the federal rate.[138]

    Eight corporations based in Wisconsin are listed on the Fortune 500. In 2024, the list included Northwestern Mutual, Fiserv, ManpowerGroup, Rockwell Automation, and WEC Energy Group (all based in Milwaukee), as well as Kohl's (based in Menomonee Falls), American Family Insurance (based in Madison), and Oshkosh Corporation (based in Oshkosh).[139]

    Manufacturing

    U.S. Bank and IBM
    .

    As of 2015, the number of manufacturing jobs in the state was approximately 500,000, similar to the figure in 1970. However, it declined as a share of the state's gross state product between 2000 and 2016 from about 21.5% to 18.5%, a proportion that is eighth among all states.[140] Similarly, as a share of total employment, manufacturing declined from 28% in 1970 to 14% in 2015. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.[141]

    Major Wisconsin companies in manufacturing include the

    Ashley Furniture; Ariens; and Evinrude Outboard Motors
    .

    Wisconsin has a significant lumber industry, being a major producer of paper and packaging. Wisconsin ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km) stretch.[142]

    A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as

    Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs more than 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company—the nation's second-largest brewer—until it merged with Coors. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst
    were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.

    The development and manufacture of healthcare devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as

    TomoTherapy
    .

    Agriculture

    Main article: Agriculture in Wisconsin
    See also: Wisconsin dairy industry and Wisconsin cheese
    Dairy cows at a Wisconsin dairy farm

    Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.[143][144] It is second in milk production, after California,[145] and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and Vermont.[146] Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.[147] Wisconsin requires cheese and butter makers to hold a license for production, being the only state in the US to require certification for either.[148]

    The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for

    cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn
    for processing.

    The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's

    state quarter design.[151] The state annually selects an "Alice in Dairyland" to promote the state's agricultural products around the world.[152] The prominence of the dairy industry in Wisconsin has led to Wisconsin being known as "America's Dairyland",[153][2] which was made the official state slogan in 1940.[154]

    Tourism

    Further information: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin
    theme parks
    .

    According to the Department of Tourism, tourism in Wisconsin generated $20.9 billion in total economic impact in 2021 and is the state's third-largest sector.

    Wisconsin State Capital.[157] Other tourist destinations include Taliesin, the studio of architect Frank Lloyd Wright; House on the Rock, a complex of architecturally distinct rooms; and the Circus World Museum, located in the Ringling brothers
    ' hometown.

    The

    theme parks in the region.[155] Nearby Devil's Lake State Park is one of the most visited of Wisconsin's state parks
    due to its proximity to the Dells and its own scenery.

    The Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains Door County, a popular destination for boaters due to the large number of natural harbors and boat launches on both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sides of the peninsula. The area draws more than two million visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.[158][159]

    Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is popular. In the Northwoods Lake Country, what had been an industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.[160] Lake Geneva in southeastern Wisconsin is similarly popular for water recreation.

    Energy

    See also: Focus on Energy, Wind power in Wisconsin, and Solar power in Wisconsin

    Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal.[161] Its in-state electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear.[161]

    The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come from renewable sources by the end of 2015.[162] This goal has been met, but not with in-state sources. As of 2014, a third of that ten percent comes from out-of-state sources, mostly wind-generated electricity from Minnesota and Iowa. The state has agnostic policies for developing wind power in state.[163]

    Taxation

    Main articles: Sales taxes in the United States, Property tax in the United States, and State income tax
    Wisconsin Budget (2021)

    Wisconsin collects personal income taxes which range from 4% to 7.65% based on five income brackets. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[164]

    The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational-technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. To provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

    Wisconsin does not assess a tax on

    estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[165]

    There are no

    motor fuel tax
    revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).

    Culture

    Cheesehead hats at the 2024 Summer Olympics

    Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to

    license plates have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940)[166] have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads
    ", and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese.

    Numerous

    Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, Wisconsin Highland Games, and many others.[167]

    Architecture

    Taliesin was the studio of architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

    With the immigration of northern Europeans into Wisconsin and the upper Midwest, they brought the techniques of building log homes with them.[168]

    The Milwaukee Art Museum is known for its Quadracci Pavilion created by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. The Quadracci Pavilion contains a movable, wing-like Burke brise soleil that opens up for a wingspan of 217 feet (66 m) during the day, folding over the tall, arched structure at night or during inclement weather.[169]

    Frank Lloyd Wright, an architect known as the pioneer of Prairie School architecture and the Usonian home concept, was raised in Wisconsin. Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green, Wisconsin. Taliesin and the Usonian Jacobs I House in Madison are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites as part of "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".[27] Other notable works of Wright in Wisconsin include the Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church in Wauwatosa, First Unitarian Society of Madison, and Johnson Wax Headquarters. Monona Terrace in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Wright.[170]

    Alcohol

    The Miller Brewery in Milwaukee

    Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state, and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however, ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and moderate.[171] Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the long-standing presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin.

    Many large breweries were founded in Wisconsin, largely in Milwaukee, which gained the epithet "Brew City" before the turn of the century.

    Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company all began as local businesses before entering national markets. Several other popular craft brews include Ale Asylum,[172] Capital, Sprecher, and New Glarus, the latter being well known for the Spotted Cow Farmhouse Ale only sold in Wisconsin.[173]

    In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions.[174] The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21) may not drive after consuming alcohol.[175] DUI offenses were lowered to BAC 0.08 in 2003 as a result of federal government pressure.[176]

    Cuisine

    Main article: Cuisine of Wisconsin
    Fried cheese curds

    Wisconsin's cuisine is famous for

    Limburger cheese in the United States. Cheese curds are a popular variant that can be eaten separately cold as a snack, or covered in batter and fried as an appetizer, often served with ranch dressing as a dipping sauce. Hot and spicy cheese bread
    is a popular type of bread created and sold in Madison.

    The state is the nation's top producer and consumer of

    cranberries, which is also the state's official fruit.[179] Dane County Farmers' Market in Madison is the largest producers-only farmer's market in the nation.[180][181]

    The Friday night

    cole slaw or crimson slaw, a variety of cole slaw that incorporates Wisconsin cranberries.[182] Beer cheese soup
    is usually made from a variety of beer and cheddar or Colby cheese with sausage, potatoes, and green onions.

    Booyah is a stew common to Wisconsin, commonly using meat and a mirepoix of vegetables cooked together in a "booyah kettle" over low heat for several days.[183]

    The southeastern city of

    cream puffs.[186][187]

    The butter burger originated in Wisconsin, most likely in Solly's Grille in Glendale.[188] Culver's is a midwestern fast casual food restaurant chain originally from Sauk City and currently headquartered in Prairie du Sac known for serving butter burgers, fried cheese curds, and frozen custard. La Croix Sparkling Water originates from La Crosse.

    Music

    Main article: Music of Wisconsin
    American Family Insurance Amphitheater is the largest venue at the annual Summerfest music festival in Milwaukee.

    Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires,

    ethnic musical festivals. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.[190]

    Recreation

    See also: List of Wisconsin amusement parks

    The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but three other states—Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[191] The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin and is the site of a large number of historically significant shipwrecks.[192][193][194]

    Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the

    whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer-hunting licenses are sold.[195] In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
    projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7 million.

    Sports

    Main article: Sports in Wisconsin
    Lambeau Field is home to the publicly owned Green Bay Packers of the National Football League.
    Road America, near Elkhart Lake, has hosted motorsport races since the 1950s.

    Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and are the smallest city franchise in the NFL, and the only one owned by shareholders statewide.[196] The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, have played in American Family Field in Milwaukee since 2001. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in 1901 before becoming the St. Louis Browns. Milwaukee was also the home of the now-Atlanta Braves franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957.[197] The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Fiserv Forum.[198]

    The state also has minor league teams in hockey (

    indoor football team, the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL. The state is home to the seven-time MISL/MASL Champion Milwaukee Wave.[201] Wisconsin is also home to Forward Madison FC, which is a professional soccer team that plays in the USL League One
    . The Northern Elite Football League consists of many amateur semi-pro teams from Wisconsin.

    Wisconsin also has many

    Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30, 2015.[202]

    The Milwaukee Mile, an oval track opened in 1903, is the oldest operating motorsports venue in the world, having hosted the IndyCar Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series.[203] Road America near Elkhart Lake hosts races in the IndyCar Series, IMSA SportsCar Championship, Sports Car Club of America GT World Challenge America and Trans-Am Series and the MotoAmerica Superbike Championship as of 2024. The World Championship Snowmobile Derby is held at Eagle River, Wisconsin. The world championship off-road racing event is held at Crandon International Off-Road Raceway.

    Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating

    Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[204]

    Brown Deer. In 2017, Erin Hills, a golf course in Erin, Wisconsin, approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee, hosted the U.S. Open.[206]

    Government and politics

    The Wisconsin State Capitol is located on the isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona, in the city of Madison.

    The Constitution of Wisconsin outlines the structure and function of state government, which is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state. Re-published every two years, copies are available from state legislators.[207] The law of the Menominee also applies within the Menominee Indian Reservation.

    State government

    See also: List of Wisconsin state agencies

    The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Wisconsin. The current governor, Tony Evers, assumed office on January 7, 2019. The Wisconsin Constitution grants the governor a veto on bills passed by the state legislature as well as a line-item veto on appropriation bills. A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office and performs any duties assigned by the governor. The current lieutenant governor is Sara Rodriguez. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Sarah Godlewski), treasurer (John Leiber), attorney general (Josh Kaul), and the non-partisan superintendent of public instruction (Jill Underly).[208][209]

    Senate Chamber
    of the Wisconsin State Capitol

    The

    Wisconsin State Senate. The Assembly has 99 members, and the Senate has 33 members. All 99 members of the Wisconsin Assembly are elected in a two-year term cycle without term limits. Similarly, all 33 members of the Wisconsin Senate are elected in a four-year cycle, also without term limits.[210] Half of the Senate is elected every two years. Members of both houses of the Legislature vote within their ranks to select presiding officers, such as the Speaker of the Assembly and the President of the Senate. Legislators in both the Senate and the Assembly receive an annual salary of $55,141. Over two years, each legislator is allotted $66,008 to cover general office expenses, printing, postage and district mailings.[211]

    Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving

    trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin.[212]

    Federal representation

    Main articles: United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin and Wisconsin's congressional districts

    Following the 2020 census

    U.S. senator, Ron Johnson, is a Republican, while its junior, Tammy Baldwin, is a Democrat.[213]

    Wisconsin is under the

    appellate jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which includes district courts for the Eastern District of Wisconsin and Western District of Wisconsin
    .

    Politics

    Main article: Politics of Wisconsin
    See also: United States presidential elections in Wisconsin and Political party strength in Wisconsin
    2024 U.S. presidential election results by county in Wisconsin
      Democratic
      Republican

    Wisconsin is considered a

    blue wall, a group of states that the Democratic Party won in each presidential election from 1992 to 2012.[216] In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Congressman Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent President Barack Obama
    .

    At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. Following the 2014 general elections, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Attorney General, and State Treasurer were all Republicans, while the Secretary of State was a Democrat.[217] However, in 2018, Democrats won all constitutional statewide offices on the ballot, the first time this happened in Wisconsin since 1982.[218]

    In a 2020 study, Wisconsin was ranked as the 25th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[219] Some have argued the state has experienced democratic backsliding since 2011.[220][221][222] Some political scientists classify Wisconsin as a hybrid regime;[220] the state's House of Representative and legislature elections are considered to be free but not fair, with districts undergoing "extreme partisan gerrymanders" to entrench Republicans "beyond electoral rotation".[220][221][223] The Wisconsin Supreme Court overturned the legislative gerrymander in the 2023 ruling of Clarke v. Wisconsin Elections Commission.[224]

    The 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 led to large protests around the state capitol building in Madison.[225]

    During the

    Republican state; in fact, it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the coalition. The Bennett Law campaign of 1890 dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. Many Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the law.[226]

    Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand,

    Victor Berger
    was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative.

    Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived

    David Obey.[228]

    International relations

    Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with

    Mexican consulate opened in Milwaukee on July 1, 2016.[230]

    Education

    See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high schools in Wisconsin, and List of school districts in Wisconsin
    The University of Wisconsin–Madison is the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System.

    Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the

    Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[231]

    The Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction is the state education and public library management agency in the state.[232] The department is led by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a non-partisan, constitutional officer elected every four years in the spring primary, six months after the previous year's presidential election.

    Public

    students each year and employing approximately 41,000 faculty and staff statewide.[233] The 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System
    awards two-year associate degrees, one- and two-year technical diplomas, and short-term technical diplomas and certificates. It also provides training and technical assistance to Wisconsin's business and industry community.

    Private colleges and universities include

    Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St. Norbert College, Wisconsin Lutheran College, Viterbo University
    , and others.

    Transportation

    See also: List of airports in Wisconsin, List of state trunk highways in Wisconsin, List of Wisconsin railroads, and List of lighthouses in Wisconsin
    Wind Point Lighthouse
    on Lake Michigan

    Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation airports. Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is the largest airport located in Wisconsin, categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility.[234] Dane County Regional Airport and Appleton International Airport are classified as small-hub primary commercial airports that service the Madison and Fox Valley areas.

    Wisconsin is served by multiple

    Flixbus, Greyhound Lines, Indian Trails, Jefferson Lines, Lamers Bus Lines, Megabus, Van Galder Bus Company, and Wisconsin Coach Lines.[235]

    Wisconsin is served by eight

    United States Numbered Highways in the state of Wisconsin, which were designated beginning in 1926 and ending in the mid-1930s. There are also several business routes, usually maintained by local governments. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation maintains 158 state trunk highways, ranging from two-lane rural roads to limited-access freeways. These highways are paid for by the state's Transportation Fund, which is considered unique among state highway funds because it is kept entirely separate from the general fund, therefore, revenues received from transportation services are required to be used on transportation. The majority of state highway funding comes from gas taxes and vehicle registration fees.[236]

    The Hop, a modern streetcar system in Milwaukee, began service in 2018. The 2.1 mile (3.4 km) initial line runs from Milwaukee Intermodal Station to Burns Commons
    .

    State symbols

    See also: List of Wisconsin state symbols
    The American badger is the state animal of Wisconsin.

    Wisconsin is traditionally known as the "Badger State" due to its early history in lead mining. Many of the state's first settlers were drawn by the prospect of mining in southwest Wisconsin, a mineral-rich region which had been contested between Native Americans and the U.S. Some of the miners lived burrowed within hillsides either due to lack of time or finances to build above-ground structures during the winter. Similar to the American badger using its claws to dig holes, the miners were nicknamed "badgers". The University of Wisconsin–Madison adopted the badger as a mascot in 1889 after the nickname; the badger was named Wisconsin's state animal in 1957.[239]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

    References

    1. ISBN 978-1-60870-062-2. Archived
      from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
    2. ^
      ISBN 9780452009073. Archived
      from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. "America's Dairyland" A nickname of Wisconsin
    3. ISBN 9780810812550. Archived
      from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Wisconsin—America's Dairyland, The Badger State ...The Copper State
    4. ISBN 9781878592613. Archived
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    Sources

    Further reading
    See additional books at History of Wisconsin
    Preceded by
    List of U.S. states by date of statehood

    Admitted on May 29, 1848 (30th)     		Succeeded by
    California