Working parent
A working parent is a
Historic viewpoints
The concept of working parents has existed for centuries, especially during slavery in the United States. Female and male slaves were expected to bear children for white slave masters, yet were not always allowed to parent these children. In some ways, these mothers and fathers were providing income for the offspring they produced, but in the way society thinks of traditional family structures, slaves were only sometimes allowed to be true working parents, earning a modified sort of income to support their family.[5]
For initially non-white immigrants who came to America during the 1700s through the 1900s, the traditional roles of many mothers and fathers were ignored, as both were required to take the role of working parents in order to survive. For Chinese immigrants, fathers and mothers ran laundry-houses, and Irish parents worked in hard-labor factories. This situation changed for mothers to take on the housewife role as immigrants from Europe and Asia earned
Television in the 1950s and 1960s gave people a one track structure of how families should function. Men went to work to earn money to pay bills and support his family, and women were expected to stay home as housewives and child care givers. The gender inequalities that are reflective of this idealized family structure result from the beliefs that women are less capable of separating from the children they are predisposed to bear. Additionally, it is still believed by most people that parents who stay at home with no formal outside job are not doing any work, when in fact, these parents put in more hours of work than their counterparts, shown by statistics documenting the second shift.[1]
The ideas about who should and can be a parent have also shifted over time, with a more inclusive range of family structures becoming recognized. During the 20th century, dual-earner families, single-mother and single-father families, adoptive families, grandparents as primary guardians,
Through the latter half of the 20th century, women were discriminated against by employers who believed that women's fertility put them in danger to certain working environments, barring them from performing certain tasks or holding certain positions with pregnancy bans.[5][1] If parents, particularly mothers, worked, especially in time-demanding jobs, the time they could spend with their child or children was limited, and received criticism. However, if a woman was a stay-at-home mom, they were seen as doing nothing, and therefore devalued.[2] This belief is combated by the increasing amount of documentation that both men and women who stay at home perform more household work than their partners.[1]
Motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus
Motherhood and fatherhood seem to exist in opposition to each other in regards to work lives. Men have the potential of earning high regards for being a working father. Hegemonic masculinity plays a role in determining a man's bonus. If he is white, middle class and has a stable home life with a wife and children, he is viewed as the most appropriately masculine man available to earn a raise.[7] Traditional work for men surrounds employment in area that highlight a father as being able to provide as the sole earner in a family.[2] The motherhood penalty or "mommy tax", is one that hurts women's financial opportunities, especially in making poverty a majorly feminine status whereas success is masculinised. Assumptions that women will or do have children carries discrimination that says mothers are the ones who will step away from their jobs to boost their children's development.[1] Although women may be easier to employ than men due to the hold on their salary demands,[8] women also face a challenge of defending their rights as mothers in a working environment.[9] Strictly policed career push to send men and women into different fields, as well as the gender pay gap highlight the Policies meant to protect the fertility and reproductive capabilities of women have been enacted in the past, barring women from working too hard, while also barring them from building highly successful careers. These hurdles, among others, present mothers with possibilities in their career while simultaneously putting permanent barriers preventing them from succeeding, a concept known as the glass ceiling.[1]
Some companies are making it possible to begin ending the motherhood penalty. Gay Gaddis, company owner of T3, implemented a system where new parents could bring their child to work during the critical stages of child-parent bonding.
Working mothers
The involvement of women in paid work varies and had varied by historical period, geographical region and social class. From the late 19th century to the 1970s, married women in some Western countries were restricted from working outside the home through
Although mothers have flourished in paid labor environments, they still face
Working mothers in Europe
In Europe, Ireland and the Netherlands have some of the strongest
As more countries joined the
Working mothers in Japan
In Japan, according to data collected by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, 70.8% of total employed women are mothers whose children under the age of 18.[34] Benefiting from policies that encourage mothers to work, more companies are adopting child care leave and shorter working time to attract more mothers as workers.
However, according to Japan's Gender Equality Bureau, only 3.4% of executives at listed companies in Japan are women, while the percent is 17% in the United States and 30% in France.[35]
Mommy wars
The phrase "mommy wars" has been used since at least 1989[36] to describe conflicts between mothers who are full-time caregivers and mothers who are working professionals.[37]
Arguments between these two types of mothers center around the most effective use of one's time when raising children. Leslie Morgan Steiner wrote that, as women struggle to come to terms with their own choices in parenting against society's standards, they engage in this warfare that does nothing to promote self-acceptance, acceptance of others, or balance within their individual lives."[38]
Research studies
The Harvard Business Review blog and Pew Research Center have both reported the results of a study, published in May 2013, that suggests that mothers are the "sole or primary source of income" in approximately 40 percent of U.S. households with children. The equivalent statistic in 1960 was 11 percent.[39][40]
References
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- ^ "Understanding Family Structures and Dynamics". Michael Meyerhoff, EDD. 27 July 2006. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0679758693.
- ISBN 978-0316022361.
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- ^ Koch, Kathy (2000). "Fatherhood Movement". Fatherhood Movement. 10: 473–496.
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- ^ "The Modern Family: Finding Balance", Video, New York: Bloomberg, 2013, retrieved September 23, 2018
- ^ Carter, Christine Michel. "Why One Mom Created The Largest Global Platform For Family Health Benefits". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
- ^ The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets: Second Edition, by Tito Boeri, Jan van Ours, pp. 105
- ^ "Dutch gender and LGBT-equality policy, 2013–16".
- ^ "2015 Review BPFA Report of the Netherlands Government" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-05.
- ^ Women of Ireland: Change Toward Social and Political Equality in the 21st Century Irish Republic by Rachel A. Patterson
- ^ Guillaumin, Colette (1994). Racism, Sexism, Power, and Ideology. pp. 193–195.
- ^ Meltzer, Françoise (1995). Hot Property: The Stakes and Claims of Literary Originality. p. 88.
- ^ "Spain - SOCIAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES". countrystudies.us.
- ^ "Employment Characteristics of Families Summary". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
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- ^ Bromley, Victoria (2012). Feminisms Matter. University of Toronto Press.
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- ^ "Working Mothers in the Great Recession". Carolyn B. Maloney. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "Working with Children? The Probability of Mothers Exiting the Workforce at Time of Birth, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, February 2008" (PDF).
- ^ "it is in the Netherlands (17.6%) and in Ireland (13.6%) that we see the smallest numbers of married women working and the least acceptance of this phenomenon by the general public". (pg 14).[1]
- ^ "LMF1.6: Gender differences in employment outcomes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
- ^ "Why so many Dutch people work part time". The Economist.
- ^ "Cold War Kitchen Americanization Technology and European Users". www.doc88.com.
- ^ Employment Characteristics of Families Summary". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ a Chinese-English translation web (译言网):Will Chinese women rule the world?
- ^ "Equality". European Commission - European Commission.
- ^ "Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation". December 2, 2000.
- ^ "COUNCIL DIRECTIVE". Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ "Working Mothers Top 70% for First Time in Japan". nippon.com. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "Nobuko Kobayashi: It's time to get real about gender equality in corporate Japan". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ Creager, Ellen (10 October 1989). "Mommy wars pits stay-homes against employed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Tracy. "A War Inside Your Head". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Leslie Morgan Steiner". Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ John Gerzema, ""Feminine" Values Can Give Tomorrow's Leaders an Edge", ''Harvard Business Review'' Blog, August 12, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
- ^ Wendy Wang, Kim Parker and Paul Taylor, "Breadwinner Moms", Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends website, May 29, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.