Wow (recording)
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Wow is a relatively slow form of
Gramophone records
When playing gramophone records, wow is a once-per-revolution pitch variation which could result from warping of the record or from a pressing plate that was not precisely centered.
If the grooves are not centered exactly relative to the spindle hole, the linear velocity of the stylus, instead of dropping gradually as the groove spirals towards the center, varies every revolution to be too high (resulting in a higher pitch) when the stylus is further out, and too low when the stylus is further inwards (resulting in a lower pitch). The more eccentric the positioning, the greater the pitch variation.
The cause for "wow"-effects on a warped disc is basically the same; a variation in the linear velocity of the stylus relative to the disc. This can be by either radial warping (similar to the eccentric hole case) or by the disc warping out of its plane. This would mean that the stylus would have to travel faster over the warped section as it must displace both in and out of the plane of the disc.
Tape recorders
A similar problem can occur with tape recorders. The changes in frequency are caused by irregular tape motion during recording or playback. For example, a change in the angular velocity of the
Scrape flutter—a high frequency flutter of above 1000 Hz—can sometimes occur from the tape vibrating as it passes over a head, as a result of rapidly interacting stretch in the tape and stiction at the head. It adds a roughness to the sound that is not typical of wow and flutter, and damping devices or heavy rollers are sometimes employed on professional tape machines to prevent it. Scrape flutter measurement requires special techniques, often using a 10 kHz tone.
A typical modern cassette recorder may have a wow and flutter specification of 0.08%.
Video recording
A similar problem can also occur in
Correction
Methods of
References
- ^ "Wow & Flutter". Sound On Sound. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ Rogjohns, Hugh (August 2012). "Celemony Capstan: Wow & Flutter Removal Software". Sound On Sound. SOS Publications Group. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
See also
- Rumble measurement
- Phonograph
- Wow and flutter measurement