Ypres

Coordinates: 50°51′03″N 02°53′06″E / 50.85083°N 2.88500°E / 50.85083; 2.88500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ypres
Ieper (Dutch)
Cloth Hall in the Grand Place
Cloth Hall in the Grand Place
Flag of Ypres
Coat of arms of Ypres
Location of Ypres
Map
Ypres is located in Belgium
Ypres
Ypres
Location in Belgium
Location of Ypres in West Flanders
Region
Flemish Region
ProvinceWest Flanders
ArrondissementYpres
Government
 • MayorEmmily Talpe (Open Ieper)
 • Governing party/iesOpen Ieper, N-VA, Vooruit
Area
 • Total131.45 km2 (50.75 sq mi)
Population
 (2022-01-01)[1]
 • Total35,039
 • Density270/km2 (690/sq mi)
Postal codes
8900, 8902, 8904, 8906, 8908
NIS code
33011
Area codes057
Websitewww.ieper.be Edit this at Wikidata

Ypres (

municipality in the province of West Flanders
. Though the Dutch name Ieper is the official one, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English.[citation needed] The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.

During the

Battles of Ypres between German and Allied
forces.

History

Origins

Ypres on the Ferraris map (around 1775)
Excerpt from the chronicle of Ypres, with numerous legends and anecdotes. Written in the 18th century[2]

Ypres is an ancient town, known to have been raided by the Romans in the first century BC. It is first mentioned by name in 1066 and is probably named after the river Ieperlee on the banks of which it was founded.[3]

During the

Canterbury Tales
.

As the third largest city in the

Novgorod in Kievan Rus' in the early 12th century. In 1241, a major fire ruined much of the old city. The powerful city was involved in important treaties and battles, including the Battle of the Golden Spurs, the Battle at Mons-en-Pévèle, the Peace of Melun, and the Battle of Cassel
.

The famous

through town.

During the

Vauban
constructed his typical fortifications that can still be seen today.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough in 1709 intended to capture Ypres, at the time a major French fortress, but changed his mind owing to the long time and effort it had taken him to capture Tournai and apprehension of disease spreading in his army in the poorly drained land around Ypres (see Battle of Malplaquet). In 1713 it was handed over to the Habsburgs, and became part of the Austrian Netherlands.

Siege of Ypres in 1794 by General Pichegru, (Musée de la Révolution française)

In 1782 the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II ordered parts of the walls torn down. This destruction, which was only partly repaired, made it easier for the French to capture the city in the 1794 Siege of Ypres during the War of the First Coalition.[8]

In 1850, the

André Hubert Dumont
.

Ypres had long been fortified to keep out invaders. Parts of the early ramparts, dating from 1385, still survive near the Rijselpoort (Lille Gate). Over time, the earthworks were replaced by sturdier masonry and earth structures and a partial

Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.[9]

First World War

Ypres's shell-blasted Cloth Hall burns

Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium and into France from the north (the

neutrality of Belgium, established by the First Treaty of London, was guaranteed by Britain; Germany's invasion of Belgium brought the British Empire into the war. The German army surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. To counterattack, British, French, and allied forces made costly advances from the Ypres Salient
into the German lines on the surrounding hills.

In the

tirailleurs (light infantry) from French Africa. The gas used was chlorine. Mustard gas
, also called Yperite from the name of this town, was also used for the first time near Ypres, in the autumn of 1917.

Ruins of Ypres – 1919

Of the battles, the largest, best-known, and most costly in human suffering was the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July to 10 November 1917, also known as the

Passchendaele Ridge
east of the city at a terrible cost of lives. After months of fighting, this battle resulted in nearly half a million casualties to all sides, and only a few miles of ground won by Allied forces. During the course of the war the town was all but obliterated by the artillery fire.

English-speaking soldiers often referred to Ieper/Ypres by the deliberate mispronunciation "Wipers". British soldiers even published a wartime newspaper called The Wipers Times.[10] The same style of deliberate mispronunciation was applied to other Flemish place names in the Ypres area for the benefit of British troops, such as Wytschaete becoming "White Sheet" and Ploegsteert becoming "Plug Street".

Ypres was one of the sites that hosted an unofficial

Christmas Truce
in 1914 between German and British soldiers.

During World War Two, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) would fight the Germans in a delaying action at the Ypres-Comines Canal, one of the actions that allowed the Allied retreat to Dunkirk. Adolf Hitler (later Chancellor of Germany) fought at Ypres in the First World War and later visited the town during the Battle of France.

War memory and memorial

On 12 February 1920,

King George V awarded the Military Cross to the City of Ypres, one of only two awards of this decoration to a municipality during World War I, the other being to Verdun.[11] In May 1920 Field Marshal French presented the Cross in a special ceremony in the city,[12] and in 1925 it was added to the city's coat of arms, along with the French Croix de Guerre.[13]

Historian Mark Connelly states that in the 1920s, British veterans set up the Ypres League and made the city the symbol of all that they believed Britain was fighting for and gave it a holy aura in their minds. The Ypres League sought to transform the horrors of trench warfare into a spiritual quest in which British and imperial troops were purified by their sacrifice. In 1920, Lieutenant-Colonel Beckles Willson's guide book, The Holy Ground of British Arms captured the mood of the Ypres League:

There is not a single half-acre in Ypres that is not sacred. There is not a single stone which has not sheltered scores of loyal young hearts, whose one impulse and desire was to fight and, if need be, to die for England. Their blood has drenched its cloisters and its cellars, but if never a drop had been spilt, if never a life had been lost in defence of Ypres still would Ypres have been hallowed, if only for the hopes and the courage it has inspired and the scenes of valour and sacrifice it has witnessed.[14]

Ypres became a pilgrimage destination for Britons to imagine and share the sufferings of their men and gain a spiritual benefit.[15]

After the war, Winston Churchill proposed to leave Ypres as a mausoleum, with the rightful owners to be deprived from regaining their land. By early March 1919, the Belgian scheme was to leave the Cathedral and Cloth Hall and the buildings around them in ruins.[16] By November 1919, the Belgian government was seriously considering two schemes, both of which would have kept the Cloth Hall and the Cathedral in ruins, but one scheme would allow rebuilding houses around the Grand Place, whereas the other would have created a belt of trees surrounding the Hall and Cathedral.[17] By early September 1920, the decision had been made by the British Government that the Menin Gate and its immediate surroundings would be used as a memorial,[18] by which time, the Belgians had already begun to rebuild the area.[19]

In the 100th anniversary period more attempts were being made to preserve the First World War heritage in and around Ypres.[20]

Second World War

On September 6, 1944, the 1st Polish Armoured Division liberated the town of Ypres after 4 years of occupation, and the nightly 'Last Post' ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate; the Germans had forbidden the ceremony when they occupied Ypres in 1940; from January 1941 until the liberation, the daily commemoration took place in Brookwood Military Cemetery.[21]

Ypres today

The fountain in the Grote Markt, Ypres, opposite the Cloth Hall

After the war the town was extensively rebuilt using money paid by Germany in reparations, with the main square, including the Cloth Hall and town hall, being rebuilt as close to the original designs as possible (the rest of the rebuilt town is more modern in appearance). The Cloth Hall today is home to In Flanders Fields Museum, dedicated to Ypres's role in the First World War and named for the poem by John McCrae.

Ypres is a small city in the very western part of Belgium, the so-called Westhoek. Ypres these days[

example needed] for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Ypres hosts the international campaign secretariat of Mayors for Peace, an international Mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by 2020.[22]

Sights

Town centre

Cloth Hall and Grote Markt (Great Market) at night

The imposing

Cloth Hall was built in the 13th century and was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages. The structure which stands today is the exact copy of the original medieval building, rebuilt after the war. The belfry that surmounts the hall houses a 49-bell carillon. The whole complex was designated a World Heritage Site
by UNESCO in 1999.

The

(1305–1322).

Menin Gate

The Menin Gate

The Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing[23] commemorates those soldiers of the British Commonwealth – with the exception of Newfoundland and New Zealand – who fell in the Ypres Salient during the First World War before 16 August 1917 and who have no known grave. United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at Tyne Cot, a site which marks the farthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war. Other New Zealand casualties are commemorated on memorials at Buttes New British Cemetery and Messines Ridge British Cemetery.[24] The Menin Gate records only soldiers for whom there is no known grave. As graves are identified, the names of those buried in them are removed from the Gate.[citation needed]

The memorial, designed by Sir

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[25]

The memorial's location is especially poignant, as it lies on the eastward route from the town, which Entente soldiers would have taken heading towards the fighting – many never to return. Every evening since 1929, at precisely eight o'clock, traffic around the imposing arches of the Menin Gate Memorial has been stopped while the "Last Post" is sounded beneath the gate by the buglers of the Last Post Association in honour of the memory of British Empire soldiers who fought and died there. During the Second World War the ceremony was prohibited by the occupying German forces, but was resumed on the very evening of liberation – 6 September 1944 – notwithstanding the heavy fighting still underway in other parts of the town. The Last Post ceremony was, instead, hosted daily at Brookwood Military Cemetery in England for the duration of that period.

The stone lions bearing the Ypres coat-of-arms, which once flanked the original gate, were presented to Australia in 1936 by the people of Belgium, as acknowledgement of Australia's sacrifice during the war. They now reside in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. In 2017, for the 100th anniversary memorial services of the Third Battle of Ypres, or Passendale, in a joint effort by the Belgian, Flemish and Australian governments, the lions were temporarily returned to the Menin Gate. Exact replicas are now installed, in their original position, guarding the approach to Menin Gate on its eastern side.[26]

"Who will remember, passing through this Gate,
The unheroic Dead who fed the guns?"
-- Siegfried Sassoon, On Passing the Menin Gate

War graves

War graves, both of the Allied side and the Central Powers, cover the landscape around Ypres. The largest number of dead are at Langemark German war cemetery and Tyne Cot Commonwealth war cemetery. The countryside around Ypres is featured in the famous poem by John McCrae, In Flanders Fields.

Saint George's Memorial Church

Saint George's Memorial Church commemorates the British and Commonwealth soldiers who died in the five battles fought for Ypres during First World War.

Events

Cat Parade

Economy

Though Ypres is an historic city, and generates significant income from tourism, it also has a number of industrial areas. The biggest one is along the Ieperlee canal, which hosts room for around 120 companies and a wind farm in the north of Ypres.[28]

The office area known as Ieper Business Park is connected to the industrial area. That office area started as the site of speech recognition company Lernout & Hauspie, and was named "Flanders Language Valley" (mimicking Silicon Valley), until the company went bankrupt. Since then, the office area had many difficult years, where a big share of the offices were unused. However, those years are mostly over, and currently, the area offers about 1000 employees a job.

Then there are also various other, smaller industrial areas like the area around Picanol in the south of Ypres.

Transport

Ieper railway station

NMBS has hourly trains to Kortrijk
.

It can also be accessed from Brussels, linking to Eurostar, and takes about 75 minutes with two stops.[29]

Notable people

Twin cities

Notes

  1. ^ "Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022". Statbel.
  2. ^ "Kroniek van Ieper, 180-1695, met talrijke legendarische of anecdotische onderdelen". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  3. ^ a b "A History of Ypres (Ieper): Origins". Greatwar.co.uk. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). isites.harvard.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. . Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  6. . Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  7. ^ "See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)". Ethesis.net. 23 November 1914. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  8. .
  9. ^ Goode, Dominic (2006). "Ypres". Fortified-places.com. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  10. ^ "TV review: The Wipers Times, BBC2 – A bit like Blackadder, only true" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Independent 12 September 2013
  11. , p. 221
  12. ^ "Award of Military Cross to City of Ypres, Imperial War Museum Accessed: 8 November 2018". Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Heraldry of the world: Iper. Accessed: 8 November 2018". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  14. ^ Mark Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940", War in History (2009) 16#1 pp. 51–76, quote p. 55
  15. ^ Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940", pp. 51–76
  16. ^ van Emden 2019, pp. 173, 176.
  17. ^ van Emden 2019, p. 178.
  18. ^ van Emden 2019, p. 180.
  19. ^ van Emden 2019, p. 181.
  20. ^ "The Western Front | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914-1918". Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  21. ^ "Ypres 75th Liberation Ceremony". Brookwood Last Post Association. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Mayors for Peace 2020 Vision Campaign". 2020visioncampaign.org. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  23. ^ The gate is called "Menin Gate" because it is situated on the road to the Flemish city of Menen.
  24. ^ [1] Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "CWGC – Homepage". Cwgc.org. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  26. ^ Australian Government
  27. ^ "Welcome!". Kattenstoet Ieper. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  28. ^ "Bedrijventerrein langs Ieperleekanaal breidt uit met 9 ha". Kw.knack.be. 28 June 2011.
  29. ^ "Taalkeuze – Choix de langue – Choose your language – Wählen Sie Ihre Sprache". Belgianrail.be. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

References

External links

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