480s BC
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This article concerns the period 489 BC – 480 BC.
Events
489 BC
By place
Greece
- After his great victory in the Xanthippusand put in prison where he dies of wounds received at Paros.
- The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides (the Just), is made chief archon of Athens.
488 BC
By place
Sicily
Rome
- as a result, significantly diminishing the strength of each of them.
Greece
- stadion race at the 73rd Olympic Games.
487 BC
By place
Greece
- The island of Leotychidas, tries unsuccessfully to arrange a truce in the war.
- The Athenian Archonship becomes elective by lot from all the citizens, an important milestone in the move towards radical Athenian democracy. There are nine archons and a secretary. Three of the archons have special functions: the basileus, or sovereign; the polemarch (originally a military commander); and the archon eponymous (chief magistrate), who gave his name to the year.
- First known use of ostracism, an instrument created in 508 by Cleisthenes which enabled the electorate to banish for ten years any citizen deemed to be a threat to democracy. It was intended, therefore, as a safeguard against tyranny. An ostracism could be held annually providing a quorum of 6,000 was achieved but, apparently, the Assembly declined to invoke it until 487 when there was a popular reaction against Hipparchos the Pisistradid who had been the peace party archon in 496. He was the first of several citizens to be ostracised through the fifth century.[1]
Rome
- Wars are fought between Volsci and the Hernici. Rome prevails in both disputes.
Kush
- Siaspiqa becomes ruler of the Kushite kingdom of Meroe, likely succeeding Amaniastabarqa.
486 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province.
Roman Republic
- Rome enters into a new treaty with the Hernici.
- During his third consulate, the plebeians. The proposal is vehemently opposed by the patricians including the other consul Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, and the plebs turn against the patricians. In the following year Cassius is condemned and executed for high treason.
China
- The first part of the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship ample amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu.
By topic
Art
- The construction of a relief in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis, is finished. It shows Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute and is now kept in the Iranbustan Museum in Tehran.
485 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desertin the south.
Sicily
- to control Gela.
484 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- Xerxes I quells the Egyptian revolt against Persian rule. He ravages the Delta region in the process and then appoints his brother Achaemenes satrap (governor) of Egypt.
- Despite an attempt at rebellion, the land and city of Babylon remains solidly under Persian rule.
Greece
- The Athenian general and statesman, Xanthippus, is ostracised.
- stadion race for a second time at the 74th Olympic Games.
Rome
- The Romans defeat the Volsci and Aequi in battle.
- Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux[4]
= By topic =
Literature
483 BC
By place
Persian empire
- Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos.
Greece
- The Athenian Lauriumbecome the site of a rich strike, Themistocles persuades the assembly, instead of "declaring a dividend," to devote the whole surplus to increasing the navy to a proposed 200 ships.
India
- Following the death of relics associated with his cremation were divided amongst royal families and his disciples, then interned in 8 reliquaries. Each reliquary was then encased in its own burial mound, called a stupa (approximate date).[citation needed]
Sicily
- , selling their common people into slavery and bringing their oligarchs to Syracuse.
482 BC
By place
Greece
- The Athenian archon Themistocles secures the ostracism of his opponents and becomes the political leader of Athens. The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, is one of those ostracised due to his opposition to Themistocles' naval policy.[6][7]
China
- While
Rome
- Continuation of hostilities with the Aequi.[9]
- Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army enters Roman territory and ravages the countryside.[10]
481 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- The contributes 481 ships.
Greece
- The Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, wants high command, but Sparta and Athens refuse. However, during the Congress, Gelo has to withdraw due to Carthage's plans to invade Sicily. Finally, Themistocles agrees that Athens' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states. Nevertheless, Thebes and Thessaly are unwilling to support Athens against the Persians and Cretedecides to remain neutral.
China
- The 722 BC, ends and compilation of the Spring and Autumn Annals ceases.[11] It gives way to the Warring States period.
Rome
- The Aequi lay siege to Ortona but are defeated by the Romans. Tensions between the Roman classes flare during the battle.
- Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army threatens to besiege Rome but nothing notable occurs.
- The tribune Spurius Licinius unsuccessfully advocates an agrarian law.
480 BC
By place
Greece
- May – King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia.
- The Greek congress decides to send a force of 10,000 Greeks, including hoplites and cavalry, to the that the vale can be bypassed elsewhere and that the army of Xerxes is overwhelming, the Greeks decide not to try to hold there and vacate the vale.
- August 20 or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man.
- Agiad royal family, the son of King Cleombrotusand nephew of Leonidas.
- Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are devastated by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes.
- King , along with the rich silver deposits of Mount Dysorus.
- The .
- August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae.
- Breaking through the pass at .
- September 21 – The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.
- Athenian general Themistocles lures the Persians into the Bay of Salamis, between the Athenian port-city of Piraeus and the island of Salamis. The Greek triremes then attack furiously, ramming or sinking many Persian vessels and boarding others. The Greeks sink about 200 Persian vessels while losing only about 40 of their own. The rest of the Persian fleet is scattered, and as a result Xerxes has to postpone his planned land offensives for a year, a delay that gives the Greek city-states time to unite against him. Aeschylusfights on the winning side.
- An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerxes returns to Persia leaving behind an army under Mardonius, which winters in Thessaly.
Rome
- The Romans achieve a significant victory against Veii after a close-fought battle. Tensions between the Roman classes flare during the battle. Quintus Fabius and the consul Manlius perish in the fighting.
- The tribune Titus Pontificius unsuccessfully advocates an agrarian law.
Sicily
- Xerxes encourages the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Under the Carthaginian military leader, Hamilcar, Carthage sends across a large army.
- The Greek city of Gelo, the tyrant of Syracusae, and Theron of Akragas, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself.
Persian empire
- The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years.
By topic
Arts
- The ) period (approximate date).
- A sculpture of the Dying Warrior is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.
- The sculpture of the Kritios Boy is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now preserved in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
- Work begins on the detail Musicians and Dancers on a wall painting in the Tomb of the Lionesses in ten years later.
Births
487 BC
- Gorgias, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (d. c. 376 BC)
485 BC
- Herodotus, Greek historian, is estimated to be born this year.[12]
- Some sources place the birth of Euripides in this year, though the more traditional date is 480.[13]
484 BC
- Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Greek historian (approximate date) (died c. 425 BC)[14]
- Achaeus of Eretria, Greek tragedian
481 BC
- Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (d. c. 420 BC)
480 BC
- September 22 (traditional date) – Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
- Antiphon, Attic orator (d. 411 BC)
- 440 BCE)
- Hippodamus of Miletus, Greek architect and urban planner (d. 408 BC)
- Siddhartha Gautama (suggested), wandering ascetic and religious teacher (d. 400 BC)
Deaths
489 BC
- Cleomenes I, king of Sparta (approximate date)
- Miltiades, Athenian general (b. c. 550 BC)
486 BC
- 550 BCE)[15]
- Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, Roman consul (executed)
485 BC
- Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, three times Roman consul.
484 BC
- King Helü of Wu; all Chinese people with the surname Wu consider him their first ancestor (born 526 BC)
- Makkhali Gosala (according to historian Arthur Llewellyn Basham), Indian ascetic
483 BC
- 563 BC)
481 BC
- Sima Niu, the highest ranking aristocrat among the disciples of Confucius
480 BC
- August 11 – Leonidas I, Agiad King of Sparta (died at Thermopylae)
- Greek philosopher (b. 570 BC)
- Hamilcar, Carthaginian general (suicide after his defeat in the Battle of Himera)
- Heraclitus, Greek philosopher (approximate year)[16]
- disciple of Confucius (b. 542 BC)
- Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, a former consul (twice) of Rome, dies in battle against Veii.
- Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus, Roman consul, dies in battle against Veii.
- Lady Nanzi, Chinese Duchess ruler.
References
- ^ Bury & Meiggs, page 164.
- ISBN 978-0-521-07060-7.
- . Retrieved 2022-09-22.
- Ab urbe condita, 2.42
- ISBN 978-0-670-88515-2.
- ^ "Plutarch • Life of Themistocles". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-2790-4.
- ^ Durrant, Li, Schaberg, Stephen, Wai-yee, David (2016). Zuo Tradition / Zuozhuan: Commentary on the “Spring and Autumn Annals.”. University of Washington Press.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 2, chapter 42". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 2, chapter 42". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
- ^ "Introduction: The Life of Euripides", Brill's Companion to the Reception of Euripides, BRILL, p. 12, 2015-01-01, retrieved 2022-09-23
- ^ Smith, William, ed. (1873). "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Hero'dotus". www.perseus.tufts.edu. London: John Murray. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
- ISBN 978-90-04-29390-8, retrieved 2023-09-07
- ^ "Heraclitus". Encyclopædia Britannica. February 2, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.