Munich
Munich
München ( Frauenkirche in the background | |
---|---|
Urban district | |
First mentioned | 1158 |
Subdivisions |
|
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2020–26) | Dieter Reiter (SPD) |
• Governing parties | Greens / SPD |
Area | |
• City | 310.71 km2 (119.97 sq mi) |
Elevation | 520 m (1,710 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
• City | 1,512,491 |
• Density | 4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
• Urban | 2,606,021 |
• Metro | 5,991,144[1] |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 80331–81929 |
Dialling codes | 089 |
Vehicle registration | M, MUC |
Website | stadt.muenchen.de |
Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk, -nɪx/ MEW-nik(h); German: München [ˈmʏnçn̩] )[3] is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria. With a population of 1,589,706 inhabitants as of 29 February 2024,[4] it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to about 6.2 million people and the third largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.[5]
Straddling the banks of the river Isar north of the Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.
The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the
Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance,
In 2021, 28.8 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 17.7 percent were German citizens with a migration background from a foreign country.
History
Etymology
Munich was a tiny 8th-century friar settlement, which was named zu den Munichen ("to the monks"). The Old High German Muniche served as basis for the modern German city name München.[15]
Prehistory
The river
Roman period
The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected Augsburg and Salzburg, crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of Baierbrunn and Gauting.[19] A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning.[20]
Post-Roman settlements
Starting in the 6th century, the Baiuvarii populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.[21][22] The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.[23]
Origin of medieval town
The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and
Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.[27]
The 14th June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near Marienplatz) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.[31][32] The old St. Peter's Church near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.[33]
In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile,
Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income.
On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.[34]
In 1349, the Black Death ravaged Munich and Bavaria.[35]
In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of
Capital of reunited Bavaria
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief
Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the
The
In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.[42] The bubonic plague nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.[43] During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.[44]
Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of Baroque life, but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.[citation needed] When Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died in 1745, the succession empowered the Palatinate branch within the House of Wittelsbach.[45]
In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited to
After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 with Elector Maximillian Joseph becoming its first King. The state parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were also located in the city.[citation needed]
The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the
The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (Wirtshäuser) were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the competition among breweries.[52] In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.[53] By the 1850s beer had become essential staple food for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious liquid bread (fließendes Brot) in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor water sanitation and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the fifth element. Beer was essential in maintaining public health in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.[54]
In 1832 Peter von Hess painted the Greek War of Independence at the order of Ludwig I of Bavaria. Ludwig I had the Königsplatz built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. Leo von Klenze supervised the construction of a Propylaia between 1854 and 1862.[55]
During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.[56] The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to Augsburg in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station (München Hauptbahnhof) was completed, with a line going to Landshut and Regensburg in the north.[57][58] In 1825 Ludwig I had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as Leo von Klenze to design a series of public museums in neoclassical style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I got Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".[59] Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener Carl von Effner landscaped the banks of river Isar and established the Maximilian Gardens. Since 1848 the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten were published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the Maximilianeum was started.[60]
By the time
In 1900 Wilhelm Röntgen moved to Munich, he was appointed as professor of Physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.[62]
The Prince Regent
World War I to World War II
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.[citation needed]
In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' (BMW) produced its first aircraft engine in Munich.[69] The stock cooperation BMW AG was founded in 1918, with Camillo Castiglioni owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.[70]
After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution,
In 1923
Munich was chosen as capital for the
Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first
The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the National Socialist Women's League and the Gestapo, had their offices along Brienner Straße and around the Königsplatz. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many Führerbauten ("Führer buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.[78] Construction work for the Führerbau and the party headquarters (known as the Brown House) started in September 1933.[79] The Haus der Kunst (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect Paul Troost was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the Glass Palace was destroyed in an arson.[80] The Red Terror that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker Rotmord über München published in 1934, and Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.[81]
In 1930 Feinkost Käfer was founded in Munich, the Käfer catering business is now a world leading party service.[82]
The city was the site where the 1938
The Munich-Riem Airport was completed in October 1939.[84]
On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, Georg Elser planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.[85] By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.[86]
During the war, Munich was the location of multiple forced labour camps, including two Polenlager camps for Polish youth,[87][88] and 40 subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, in which men and women of various nationalities were held.[89] With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the Munich-Allach concentration camp.
Munich was the base of the
The city was heavily damaged by the bombing of Munich in World War II, with 71 air raids over five years. US troops liberated Munich on 30 April 1945.[91]
Postwar
In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to
The
In the early 1960s Dieter Kunzelmann was expelled from the Situationist International and founded an influential group called Subversive Aktion in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.[99]
Munich hosted the
During 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by
The most deadly militant attack the
Munich and its
In 2007 the
On the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks an active shooter perpetrated a hate crime. The 2016 Munich shooting targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.[107]
Munich was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2020, which was delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, and is planned to be a host city for UEFA Euro 2024.[108]
Geography
Topography
Munich lies on the elevated plains of
Climate
Munich is near the Alps. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb) in the Köppen climate classification. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, because there are no large bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, and some Munich winters have significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of Munich's latitude, inversion from the nearby Alps causes cold air to sink and result in temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F). In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging 25 °C (77 °F)
Munich is subject to active
At Munich's official weather stations, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.5 °C (100 °F), on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and −31.6 °C (−24.9 °F), on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city.[110][111]
Climate data for Munich (Dreimühlenviertel) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
31.8 (89.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
37.5 (99.5) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −13.8 (7.2) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −22.2 (−8.0) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.9 (2.04) |
45.5 (1.79) |
61.2 (2.41) |
56.0 (2.20) |
107.0 (4.21) |
120.9 (4.76) |
118.9 (4.68) |
116.5 (4.59) |
78.1 (3.07) |
66.9 (2.63) |
58.4 (2.30) |
58.5 (2.30) |
939.7 (37.00) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15.3 | 14.0 | 15.6 | 13.5 | 16.1 | 16.7 | 16.1 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 16.8 | 182.0 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 11.7 | 11.2 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 8.0 | 39.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80.3 | 75.9 | 70.7 | 64.6 | 67.2 | 67.2 | 66.1 | 68.1 | 75.5 | 79.9 | 83.3 | 82.3 | 73.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74.6 | 95.2 | 145.3 | 186.0 | 213.0 | 223.7 | 241.4 | 232.1 | 169.7 | 123.3 | 74.0 | 66.4 | 1,841.4 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[112] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: DWD[113] SKlima.de[114] Infoclimat[115] |
Climate change
In Munich, the general trend of
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1500 | 13,447 | — |
1600 | 21,943 | +63.2% |
1750 | 32,000 | +45.8% |
1880 | 230,023 | +618.8% |
1890 | 349,024 | +51.7% |
1900 | 499,932 | +43.2% |
1910 | 596,467 | +19.3% |
1920 | 666,000 | +11.7% |
1930 | 728,900 | +9.4% |
1940 | 834,500 | +14.5% |
1950 | 823,892 | −1.3% |
1955 | 929,808 | +12.9% |
1960 | 1,055,457 | +13.5% |
1965 | 1,214,603 | +15.1% |
1970 | 1,311,978 | +8.0% |
1980 | 1,298,941 | −1.0% |
1990 | 1,229,026 | −5.4% |
2000 | 1,210,223 | −1.5% |
2005 | 1,259,584 | +4.1% |
2010 | 1,353,186 | +7.4% |
2011 | 1,364,920 | +0.9% |
2012 | 1,388,308 | +1.7% |
2013 | 1,402,455 | +1.0% |
2015 | 1,450,381 | +3.4% |
2018 | 1,471,508 | +1.5% |
2020 | 1,488,202 | +1.1% |
2022 | 1,512,491 | +1.6% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million. Munich has reached 1.5 million in 2022.
Immigration
In July 2017, Munich had 1.42 million inhabitants; 421,832 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2017 with 50.7% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 25.2% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).[117] Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital."[118] The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (39,204), Croats (33,177), Italians (27,340), Greeks (27,117), Poles (27,945), Austrians (21,944), and Romanians (18,085).
Country | Population |
---|---|
Croatia | 39,745 |
Turkey | 37,207 |
Italy | 28,496 |
Greece | 26,613 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 21,559 |
Austria | 20,741 |
Romania | 18,845 |
Poland | 18,639 |
Ukraine | 17,833 |
Serbia | 14,283 |
Bulgaria | 13,636 |
Kosovo | 12,354 |
India | 11,228 |
Iraq | 11,093 |
France | 10,650 |
Russia | 9,526 |
Spain | 9,414 |
China | 9,240 |
Hungary | 8,769 |
Afghanistan | 7,446 |
United States | 6,705 |
Vietnam | 5,289 |
Syria | 4,614 |
United Kingdom | 4,297 |
Religion
About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were
Government and politics
As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the
Mayor
The current mayor of Munich is Dieter Reiter, he is Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. Bavaria has been dominated by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The Munich city council is called the Stadtrat.
The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Dieter Reiter | Social Democratic Party | 259,928 | 47.9 | 401,856 | 71.7 | |
Kristina Frank | Christian Social Union | 115,795 | 21.3 | 158,773 | 28.3 | |
Katrin Habenschaden | Alliance 90/The Greens | 112,121 | 20.7 | |||
Wolfgang Wiehle | Alternative for Germany | 14,988 | 2.8 | |||
Tobias Ruff | Ecological Democratic Party | 8,464 | 1.6 | |||
Jörg Hoffmann | Free Democratic Party | 8,201 | 1.5 | |||
Thomas Lechner | The Left | 7,232 | 1.3 | |||
Hans-Peter Mehling | Free Voters of Bavaria | 5,003 | 0.9 | |||
Moritz Weixler | Die PARTEI | 3,508 | 0.6 | |||
Dirk Höpner | Munich List | 1,966 | 0.4 | |||
Richard Progl | Bavaria Party | 1,958 | 0.4 | |||
Ender Beyhan-Bilgin | FAIR | 1,483 | 0.3 | |||
Stephanie Dilba | mut | 1,267 | 0.2 | |||
Cetin Oraner | Together Bavaria | 819 | 0.2 | |||
Valid votes | 542,733 | 99.6 | 560,629 | 99.7 | ||
Invalid votes | 1,997 | 0.4 | 1,616 | 0.3 | ||
Total | 544,730 | 100.0 | 562,245 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 1,110,571 | 49.0 | 1,109,032 | 50.7 | ||
Source: Wahlen München (1st round, 2nd round) |
City council
The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:
Party | Lead candidate | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | Katrin Habenschaden | 11,762,516 | 29.1 | 12.5 | 23 | 10 | |
Christian Social Union (CSU) | Kristina Frank | 9,986,014 | 24.7 | 7.8 | 20 | 6 | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | Dieter Reiter | 8,884,562 | 22.0 | 8.8 | 18 | 7 | |
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | Tobias Ruff | 1,598,539 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 3 | 1 | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | Iris Wassill | 1,559,476 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 3 | 1 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | Jörg Hoffmann | 1,420,194 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 3 | ±0 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | Stefan Jagel | 1,319,464 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3 | 1 | |
Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) | Hans-Peter Mehling | 1,008,400 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2 | ±0 | |
Volt Germany (Volt) | Felix Sproll | 732,853 | 1.8 | New | 1 | New | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | Marie Burneleit | 528,949 | 1.3 | New | 1 | New | |
Pink List (Rosa Liste)[a] | Thomas Niederbühl | 396,324 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1 | ±0 | |
Munich List | Dirk Höpner | 339,705 | 0.8 | New | 1 | New | |
Bavaria Party (BP) | Richard Progl | 273,737 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
mut | Stephanie Dilba | 247,679 | 0.6 | New | 0 | New | |
FAIR | Kemal Orak | 142,455 | 0.4 | New | 0 | New | |
Together Bavaria (ZuBa) | Cetin Oraner | 120,975 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
BIA | Karl Richter | 86,358 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0 | ±0 | |
Valid votes | 531,527 | 97.6 | |||||
Invalid votes | 12,937 | 2.4 | |||||
Total | 544,464 | 100.0 | 80 | ±0 | |||
Electorate/voter turnout | 1,110,571 | 49.0 | 7.0 | ||||
Source: Wahlen München |
State Landtag
In the Landtag of Bavaria, Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the 2018 Bavarian state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows:
Constituency | Area | Party | Member | |
---|---|---|---|---|
101 München-Hadern |
|
CSU | Georg Eisenreich | |
102 München-Bogenhausen |
|
CSU | Robert Brannekämper | |
103 München-Giesing |
|
GRÜNE | Gülseren Demirel | |
104 München-Milbertshofen |
|
GRÜNE | Katharina Schulze | |
105 München-Moosach |
|
GRÜNE | Benjamin Adjei | |
106 München-Pasing |
|
CSU | Josef Schmid | |
107 München-Ramersdorf |
|
CSU | Markus Blume | |
108 München-Schwabing |
|
GRÜNE | Christian Hierneis | |
109 München-Mitte |
|
GRÜNE | Ludwig Hartmann |
Federal parliament
In the Bundestag, Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the 20th Bundestag, the composition and representation of each was as follows:
Constituency | Area | Party | Member | |
---|---|---|---|---|
217 Munich North |
|
CSU | Bernhard Loos | |
218 Munich East |
|
CSU | Wolfgang Stefinger | |
219 Munich South |
|
GRÜNE | Jamila Schäfer | |
220 Munich West/Centre |
|
CSU | Stephan Pilsinger |
Subdivisions
Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative boroughs (Stadtbezirke). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas.
There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see map). The three largest districts are Schwabing in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), Sendling in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and Giesing in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants).[124]
Architecture
Old Town
At the centre of the old town is the
The
Palaces and castles
Schloss Nymphenburg (Nymphenburg Palace, construction started 1664) is a museum open to the public for tours.[125][126]
The smaller Schloss Fürstenried (
Schloss Blutenburg (Blutenburg Castle) opened as a children's library in 2024,[128] but visitors may tour the late-Gothic Blutenburg Castle Church built on the same grounds.[129]
The large
Modernist architecture
Despite Munich being the breeding ground for German
High rise buildings
Several high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the
Long-term residential development
Munich is subject to a long-term residential development plan that is established by the city administration of Munich. The LaSie ("Langfristige Siedlungsentwicklung") was passed in 2011 in response to the acute housing crisis. LaSie is aligned with the strategic development plan passed for Munich in 1998 ("Perspektive München"). LaSie defines three priorities for the construction of residential housing in Munich. Existing
Parks
Other large green spaces are the
Sports
Football
Munich is home to several professional Association football teams including the FC Bayern Munich. Other notable clubs include 1860 Munich, who currently play in the 3. Liga, and former Bundesliga club SpVgg Unterhaching, who currently play in the 3. Liga.
Basketball
Ice hockey
The city's ice hockey club is EHC Red Bull München who play in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. The team has won four DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2023.
Olympics
Munich hosted the
Road running
Regular annual road running events in Munich are the Munich Marathon in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the Spartan Race Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon.
Swimming
Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools[135] and eight outdoor swimming pools,[136] which are operated by the Munich City Utilities (SWM) communal company.[137] Popular indoor swimming pools include the Olympia Schwimmhalle of the 1972 Summer Olympics, the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the Riemer See or the Langwieder lake district.[138]
River surfing
River surfing is a popular sport in Munich. The Flosskanal wave in the south of Munich is less challenging. A well visited surfing spot for experienced surfers is the Eisbach standing wave, where the annual Munich Surf Open is celebrated on the last Saturday of July.[139]
Culture
Language
German is spoken and understood in and around Munich. While the German language has many dialects, so-called "Standard German" or "High German" is learned in schools and spoken among Germans, Austrians and in some parts of Switzerland. A speaker of a Low German dialect in Hamburg may find it difficult to understand the dialect of a Bavarian mountaineer.[140] The Bavarian dialects are recognized as regional language and continues to be spoken alongside Standard German.[141]
Museums
The gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.
In 1903
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal. The Lenbachhaus displays works of the movement Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a Munich-based modernist art.[citation needed] Starting in 1970s, German municipalities started to respond to cultural tourism and invested in public museums. The Neue Pinakothek, like other German museums, was wholly reconstructed from 1974 until 1981.[144] The Pinakothek der Moderne lets the public see an eclectic mix of contemporary art and the principle attention of the permanent collection is Classical Moderns. But the displays are enhanced continuously with spectacular gifts from private collections.[145]
City guides published in the early 1860s directed tourists to Munich's architecture and art collections, which at the time were unique in Germany and are a legacy mainly of
An extensive collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the
Several public collections of the
The Museum Five Continents is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection display regional art and cultural history. The Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.[citation needed]
The memorial museum of the former Dachau concentration camp is just outside the city.
Music
Munich is a major international musical centre and has played host to many prominent composers including
Opera
The National Theatre Munich is now the home of the
Orchestra
The modern
Pop and electronica
Munich was the centre of
Other notable musicians and bands from Munich include
]Munich hosted several Love Parades and Mayday Party rave events throughout the 1990s. Munich continues to rave, the local youth scenes are active.[157]
Theatre
The Munich Kammerspiele is one of the most important German-language theaters. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich, they include Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.[citation needed]
Schwabing
At the turn of the 20th century Schwabing was a preeminent cultural metropolis. Schwabing was an epicenter for both literature and the fine arts, with numerous German and non-German artists living there.[158]
Vladimir Lenin authored What Is to Be Done? while living in Schwabing. Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene were Künstlerlokale (Artist's Cafés) like Café Stefanie or Kabarett Simpl, whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day, was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine Simplicissimus, founded in 1896 by Albert Langen and Thomas Theodor Heine, which quickly became an important organ of the Schwabinger Bohème. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on Wilhelmine German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.[citation needed]
In 1971 Eckart Witzigmann teamed up with a Munich building contractor to finance and open the Tantris restaurant in Schwabing. Witzigmann is credited for starting the German Küchenwunder (kitchen wonder).[159]
Biedermeier
The Biedermeier era was named after a character that regularly appeared in the satire magazine Münchner Fliegende Blätter (Loose Munich Pages), which was published by Adolf Kussmaul and Ludwig Eichrodt in Munich between 1855 and 1857. Biedermeier was a synonym for arts, furniture, and the lifestyle of the nonheroic middle class. The Biedermeier era painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Moritz von Schwind, and Carl Spitzweg are shown in the Neue Pinakothek.[160]
Prinzregentenzeit
Celebrity literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called Prinzregentenzeit (literally prince regent's time) under the reign of
Weimar Republic
The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. Thomas Mann wrote in his novella Gladius Dei about this period: "München leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar Republic, with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht, Peter Paul Althaus, Stefan George, Ricarda Huch, Joachim Ringelnatz, Oskar Maria Graf, Annette Kolb, Ernst Toller, Hugo Ball, and Klaus Mann adding to the already established big names.[citation needed]
Karl Valentin, the cabaret performer and comedian, is to this day remembered and beloved as a cultural icon of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "Charlie Chaplin of Germany".[161][162]
Liesl Karlstadt, before working together with Valentin, cross-dressed and performed cabaret with yodeling on stage and in Munich's Cafe-Theatres. The cabaret scene was crushed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and Karlstadt was saved from Nazi sterilization by a doctor. Contemporary Munich cabaret still reverences 1920s cabaret, the Munich alternative rock band F.S.K. absorbs yodels.[163]
Post-war literature
After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as Wolfgang Koeppen, Erich Kästner, Eugen Roth, Alfred Andersch, Elfriede Jelinek, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Michael Ende, Franz Xaver Kroetz, Gerhard Polt and Patrick Süskind calling the city their home.[citation needed]
Fine arts
From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like
Cinema
Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the
In 1919, the
Festivals
Coopers' Dance
The
Starkbierfest
March and April, for three weeks during Lent, celebrating Munich's "strong beer". Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local Paulinerkirche, Leipzig monks who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or 'liquid bread'. It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. A Starkbierfest may be celebrated in beer halls and pubs.[citation needed]
Frühlingsfest
Held for two weeks at the Theresienwiese from the end of April to the beginning of May, the new local spring beers are served.[168]
Auer Dult
A regular event combining a market and a German style folk festival on the Mariahilfplatz. The Auer Dult can be up to 300 stalls, selling handmade crafts, household goods, and local foods.[169]
Kocherlball
Munich's Kocherlball (Cooks' Ball) is an annual event, to commemorate all servants, ranging from kitchenhands to cooks. The tradition started in the 19th century.[170]
Tollwood
Usually held annually in July and December, Olympia Park. The Tollwood Festival showcases fine and performing arts with live music, and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as Organic food, mostly Fusion cuisine.[citation needed]
Oktoberfest
At the Theresienwiese, the largest beer festival in the world, Munich's Oktoberfest runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October. In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over six million visitors every year. Beer is served from the six major Munich breweries. These are Augustiner-Bräu, Hacker-Pschorr Brewery, Löwenbräu Brewery, Paulaner Brewery, Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu, and Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. Food must be bought in each tent.[171]
Christkindlmarkt
The Munich
Cuisine and culinary specialities
The Munich cuisine contributes to the
Munich has 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more Michelin Guide stars in 2021.[173]
Beers and breweries
Munich is known for its breweries and
Wirtshäuser are traditional Bavarian pubs, many of which also have small outside areas. Biergärten (beer gardens) are a popular fixture in Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture, and are an overt melting pot for members of all walks of life, regardless of social class. There are many smaller beer gardens, but some beer gardens have thousands of seats. Large beer gardens can be found in the Englischer Garten, on the Nockherberg, and in the Hirschgarten.
There are six main breweries in Munich are
Circus
The Circus Krone based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.[174] It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a building of its own.
Nightlife
Nightlife in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Maxvorstadt, Au-Haidhausen, Berg am Laim and Sendling. Between Sendlinger Tor and Maximiliansplatz, on the edge of the central Altstadt-Lehel district, there is also the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning 1.3 km (0.8 mi) along Sonnenstraße, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants, which became the center of Munich's nightlife in the mid-2000s.[175]
In the 1960s and 1970s, Schwabing was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as Big Apple, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque Blow Up and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine,[156][176][177] and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context.[156][178] Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, Schwabinger 7 and Schwabinger Podium. Since the 1980s, however, Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to gentrification and the resulting high rents, and the formerly wild artists' and students' quarter developed into one of the city's most coveted and expensive residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.[179]
Since the 1960s, the Rosa Viertel (pink quarter) developed in the Glockenbachviertel and around Gärtnerplatz, which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam.[180] In particular, the area around Müllerstraße and Hans-Sachs-Straße was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. One of them was the travesty nightclub Old Mrs. Henderson, where Freddie Mercury, who lived in Munich from 1979 to 1985, filmed the music video for the song Living on My Own at his 39th birthday party.[180][177][181]
Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near München Ostbahnhof in Berg am Laim, hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people from the metropolitan area surrounding Munich and tourists.[180][182] The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby Haidhausen. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former Munich-Riem Airport.[156][183][184]
Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Größenwahn, The Atomic Café and the techno clubs Babalu Club, Ultraschall, KW – Das Heizkraftwerk, Natraj Temple, MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts), Die Registratur and Bob Beaman.[185] From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the Union Move, one of the largest technoparades in Germany.[176]
Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin.[186][187] Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants.[188][189]
Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are Blitz Club, Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, Bahnwärter Thiel, Pimpernel, Charlie, Palais and Pathos.[190][191] Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, Zenith, Minna Thiel and the party ship Alte Utting. Some notable bars (pubs are located all over the city) are Schumann's Bar, Havana Club, Sehnsucht, Bar Centrale, Holy Home, Negroni, Die Goldene Bar and Bei Otto.[citation needed]
Education
Colleges and universities
Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901 to Theodor W. Hänsch in 2005.
The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder).
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), founded in 1472 in Ingolstadt, moved to Munich in 1826
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), founded in 1868
- Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, founded in 1808
- Bundeswehr University Munich, founded in 1973 (located in Neubiberg)
- Deutsche Journalistenschule, founded in 1959
- Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft, founded in 1989
- Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, founded in 1830
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, founded in 2005
- International School of Management, Germany, founded in 1990
- Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München, founded in 1971
- Munich Business School (MBS), founded in 1991
- Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC), founded in 2003
- Munich School of Philosophy, founded in 1925 in Pullach, moved to Munich in 1971
- Munich School of Political Science, founded in 1950
- Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM), founded in 1971
- New European College, founded in 2014
- Ukrainian Free University, founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
- University of Television and Film Munich (Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film), founded in 1966
Primary and secondary schools
Notable Gymnasien in Munich include the Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium, the Luitpold Gymnasium, the Wilhelmsgymnasium, as well as the Wittelsbacher Gymnasium. Munich has several notable international schools, including Lycée Jean Renoir, the Japanische Internationale Schule München, the Bavarian International School, the Munich International School, and the European School, Munich.[citation needed]
Scientific research institutions
Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society, a government funded non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich.
Fraunhofer Society
The Fraunhofer Society, the German government funded research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich.
Other research institutes
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, a notable herbarium
- Ifo Institute for Economic Research, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
- Doerner Institute
- European Southern Observatory
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München
- German Aerospace Center (GSOC), Oberpfaffenhofen bei München
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Economy
Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study[193] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne).[194][195] Munich ranks third on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany.[193] The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine Capital in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.
Munich is a
Manufacturing
Munich holds the headquarters of
The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.
Finance
Munich has significance as a
Media
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe[200] and home to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterföhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich.
The
Quality of life
Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life.
Transport
Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport modal share in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.[205] Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.[206]
Munich is the hub of a developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the
The trade fair Transport Logistic is held every two years at the Neue Messe München (Messe München International).
Public transport
For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the
The extensive network of subway and tram lines assists and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. These attributes result from applying the principle of filtered permeability. Pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire Munich city centre, go through public squares and open spaces for enjoyment. Munich city centre was subject to urban planning and has a comprehensive model for laying out neighborhoods and districts according to grid plan.[207]
Cycling
Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognized as a good alternative. The growing number of
Cultural history trails and bicycle routes
Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the List of cultural history trails in Munich (KulturGeschichtsPfade). Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer Äußere Radlring (outer cycle route) and the RadlRing München.[208]
Munich Central Train Station
München Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station located in the city centre and is the long-distance station in Munich.[citation needed]
Munich Central Train Station serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany. Munich Central Train Station alongside
The central mainline station is a
The
The old air raid shelter next to platform 11 of Munich Central Train Station was an important distribution point for
Autobahns
Munich is an integral part of the
Traffic is often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic congestion are commonplace at the beginning and end of major Bavarian holidays. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and an abundance of construction sites.[citation needed]
Munich has introduced an
Air
Munich International Airport
Other airports
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.[213] However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.[214]
Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, Memmingen Airport has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.
Around Munich
Nearby towns
The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the
Recreation
South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as Lake Starnberg, Ammersee, Chiemsee, Walchensee, Kochelsee, Tegernsee, Schliersee, Simssee, Staffelsee, Wörthsee, Kirchsee and the Osterseen (Easter Lakes), which are popular among Munich residents for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's S-Bahn.[215]
Notable people
Born in Munich
Entertainment
Fashion designers
Musicians
Journalists and Writers
Nobel Prize laureates
|
Nobility
Painters
Photographers
Politicians
Professional athletes
Others
|
Notable residents
|
|
Notes
- ^ It ist a local party, founded in 1989 to support the queer community. It is represented in some Munich borough councils since 1990 (with its stronghold in the borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt) and in the city council continuously since 1996.
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