Demographics of Syria
Demographics of |
---|
Most modern-day Syrians are described as Levantine Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history. Genetically, Syrian Arabs are a variety of diverse Semitic-speaking groups indigenous to the region.[6][7][8][9] With around 10% of the population, Kurds are the second biggest ethnic group in Syria, followed by Turkmen.
Human toll of Syrian Civil War
| |||
---|---|---|---|
Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[citation needed] | |||
Syrian refugees | |||
By country | Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey | ||
Settlements | Camps: Jordan | ||
Internally displaced Syrians | |||
Casualties of the war | |||
Crimes | War crimes, massacres, rape | ||
Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals | |||
Forced displacement
More than six million refugees left the country during the civil war,
The war resulted in large-scale displacement in the country. The UNHCR estimates internally displaced people (IDPs) at seven million. A further 70,000 people were trapped on the border with Jordan at Rukban in 2016–18,[17][18] with up to 40,000 still there in 2019.[19]
A significant part of the population lives in territory outside government sovereignty. At its peak in 2015,
Displacement has led to demographic shifts. One example is the area in the North under control by Kurdish-led and US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Many human rights groups, including Amnesty International[27] and international organizations[28][29] have accused SDF forces of committing ethnic cleansing in Arab areas they were capturing from other war factions.[30] The accusation was repeated on 8 May 2019 by Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov.[31] NGOs and the opposition have also accused the government of using the conflict to affect demographic restructuring.[32][33][34][35]
Birth-death rate
In April 2016, the UN estimated that 400,000 people had died in the war,
Population
This section needs to be updated.(June 2023) |
Historical population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1 BC | 2,110,000 | — |
200 | 2,860,000 | +35.5% |
500 | 2,430,000 | −15.0% |
900 | 2,200,000 | −9.5% |
1200 | 2,700,000 | +22.7% |
1500 | 1,070,000 | −60.4% |
1700 | 1,250,000 | +16.8% |
1850 | 1,480,000 | +18.4% |
1900 | 1,720,000 | +16.2% |
1937 | 2,368,000 | +37.7% |
1950 | 3,252,000 | +37.3% |
1960 | 4,565,000 | +40.4% |
1970 | 6,305,000 | +38.1% |
1980 | 8,704,000 | +38.0% |
1990 | 12,116,000 | +39.2% |
1995 | 14,186,000 | +17.1% |
2004 | 17,921,000 | +26.3% |
2011 | 21,124,000 | +17.9% |
2016 | 17,185,000 | −18.6% |
2017 | 18,029,549 | +4.9% |
2023 | 23,022,427 | +27.7% |
Source:[37][38][39] 2016 estimate[40] 2023 estimate[41] |
In 1200, the territories of modern-day Syria had an estimated population of 2.7 million.[37] This number sharply decreased due to the Plague epidemic in 1348–1353, which killed off an estimated third of the Levant's population. By 1937, the population reached an estimated 2,368,000, still considerably lower than 1200's estimated population.
Modern population
Since 1960, censuses have been conducted in 1960, 1970, 1981, 1994 and 2004.[42] In 2014, 17,951,639, a massive decline due to nearly 4 million
In 2017, the head of the Syrian Commission for Family Affairs, Mohammad Akram al-Qash, said that the Syrian population was 28 million, of which, 21 million were living in Syria and that 7 million were refugees.
Age structure
Population pyramid | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
0–14 | 3,132,619 |
2,974,394
|
15–24 | 1,933,185 |
1,863,991
|
25–54 | 3,807,664 |
3,829,150
|
55–64 | 531,455 |
542,738
|
65+ | 379,360 |
379,360
|
Population pyramid | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
0–14 | 4,044,000 |
6,281,000
|
15–64 | 6,281,000 |
6,126,000
|
65+ | 469,000 |
389,000
|
(2011-07-01) (Estimates, including Palestinian refugees)[46] | ||||
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 10 794 000 | 10 330 000 | 21 124 000 | 100 |
0-4 | 1 428 000 | 1 347 000 | 2 775 000 | 13.14 |
5-9 | 1 384 000 | 1 270 000 | 2 654 000 | 12.56 |
10-14 | 1 232 000 | 1 198 000 | 2 430 000 | 11.50 |
15-19 | 1 191 000 | 1 088 000 | 2 279 000 | 10.79 |
20-24 | 1 035 000 | 944 000 | 1 979 000 | 9.37 |
25-29 | 864 000 | 873 000 | 1 737 000 | 8.22 |
30-34 | 674 000 | 697 000 | 1 371 000 | 6.49 |
35-39 | 601 000 | 628 000 | 1 229 000 | 5.82 |
40-44 | 545 000 | 551 000 | 1 096 000 | 5.19 |
45-49 | 437 000 | 433 000 | 870 000 | 4.12 |
50-54 | 387 000 | 405 000 | 792 000 | 3.75 |
55-59 | 293 000 | 280 000 | 573 000 | 2.71 |
60-64 | 254 000 | 227 000 | 481 000 | 2.28 |
65+ | 469 000 | 389 000 | 858 000 | 4.06 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 4 044 000 | 3 815 000 | 7 859 000 | 37.20 |
15–64 | 6 281 000 | 6 126 000 | 12 407 000 | 58.73 |
65+ | 469 000 | 389 000 | 858 000 | 4.06 |
Population
This data is from
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
Demographic statistics
UN estimates:[47]
Period | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Birth rate (per 1000) |
Death rate (per 1000) |
Natural change (per 1000) |
Total Fertility rate | Infant mortality (1000 births) | Life expectancy (years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 3 544 000 | 167 000 | 92 000 | 75 000 | 47.0 | 25.9 | 21.1 | 7.60 | 179.6 | 44.14 |
1951 | 3 621 000 | 171 000 | 92 000 | 80 000 | 47.3 | 25.4 | 22.0 | 7.60 | 177.5 | 44.45 |
1952 | 3 703 000 | 176 000 | 91 000 | 85 000 | 47.6 | 24.7 | 23.0 | 7.61 | 173.3 | 44.99 |
1953 | 3 791 000 | 182 000 | 90 000 | 91 000 | 47.9 | 23.9 | 24.0 | 7.61 | 169.1 | 45.70 |
1954 | 3 886 000 | 187 000 | 88 000 | 99 000 | 48.0 | 22.6 | 25.5 | 7.62 | 160.2 | 46.97 |
1955 | 3 989 000 | 192 000 | 85 000 | 107 000 | 48.2 | 21.3 | 26.8 | 7.62 | 151.7 | 48.31 |
1956 | 4 099 000 | 197 000 | 83 000 | 114 000 | 48.0 | 20.3 | 27.7 | 7.59 | 143.9 | 49.39 |
1957 | 4 217 000 | 202 000 | 81 000 | 121 000 | 47.8 | 19.1 | 28.7 | 7.57 | 136.6 | 50.58 |
1958 | 4 341 000 | 207 000 | 79 000 | 128 000 | 47.6 | 18.2 | 29.4 | 7.54 | 129.9 | 51.57 |
1959 | 4 473 000 | 212 000 | 77 000 | 135 000 | 47.3 | 17.2 | 30.1 | 7.51 | 123.7 | 52.61 |
1960 | 4 611 000 | 217 000 | 75 000 | 142 000 | 47.0 | 16.3 | 30.7 | 7.49 | 118.0 | 53.55 |
1961 | 4 752 000 | 221 000 | 74 000 | 147 000 | 46.5 | 15.5 | 31.0 | 7.43 | 113.0 | 54.44 |
1962 | 4 895 000 | 227 000 | 73 000 | 154 000 | 46.4 | 14.8 | 31.5 | 7.44 | 108.4 | 55.09 |
1963 | 5 045 000 | 233 000 | 72 000 | 162 000 | 46.2 | 14.2 | 32.0 | 7.44 | 104.2 | 55.78 |
1964 | 5 203 000 | 241 000 | 71 000 | 170 000 | 46.2 | 13.6 | 32.6 | 7.47 | 100.3 | 56.50 |
1965 | 5 368 000 | 249 000 | 70 000 | 179 000 | 46.3 | 13.1 | 33.3 | 7.51 | 96.5 | 57.11 |
1966 | 5 542 000 | 258 000 | 70 000 | 188 000 | 46.5 | 12.6 | 33.8 | 7.55 | 92.7 | 57.60 |
1967 | 5 723 000 | 267 000 | 70 000 | 197 000 | 46.6 | 12.2 | 34.4 | 7.58 | 88.9 | 58.10 |
1968 | 5 913 000 | 276 000 | 68 000 | 208 000 | 46.6 | 11.5 | 35.1 | 7.60 | 85.0 | 59.07 |
1969 | 6 111 000 | 288 000 | 67 000 | 220 000 | 47.0 | 11.0 | 36.0 | 7.67 | 81.1 | 59.88 |
1970 | 6 319 000 | 298 000 | 67 000 | 231 000 | 47.1 | 10.5 | 36.5 | 7.69 | 77.2 | 60.53 |
1971 | 6 539 000 | 305 000 | 65 000 | 240 000 | 46.7 | 10.0 | 36.7 | 7.65 | 73.5 | 61.37 |
1972 | 6 769 000 | 314 000 | 65 000 | 249 000 | 46.3 | 9.6 | 36.7 | 7.61 | 70.1 | 61.90 |
1973 | 7 003 000 | 322 000 | 69 000 | 253 000 | 45.9 | 9.8 | 36.1 | 7.56 | 66.9 | 60.69 |
1974 | 7 245 000 | 331 000 | 63 000 | 267 000 | 45.6 | 8.7 | 36.9 | 7.51 | 63.8 | 63.12 |
1975 | 7 497 000 | 341 000 | 63 000 | 278 000 | 45.4 | 8.4 | 37.0 | 7.47 | 60.9 | 63.54 |
1976 | 7 759 000 | 352 000 | 63 000 | 289 000 | 45.3 | 8.1 | 37.2 | 7.44 | 58.0 | 63.92 |
1977 | 8 029 000 | 364 000 | 65 000 | 299 000 | 45.2 | 8.1 | 37.2 | 7.41 | 55.2 | 63.76 |
1978 | 8 310 000 | 373 000 | 60 000 | 314 000 | 44.8 | 7.2 | 37.7 | 7.35 | 52.4 | 65.81 |
1979 | 8 601 000 | 382 000 | 60 000 | 322 000 | 44.3 | 6.9 | 37.4 | 7.27 | 49.7 | 66.14 |
1980 | 8 899 000 | 390 000 | 60 000 | 330 000 | 43.8 | 6.7 | 37.1 | 7.16 | 47.2 | 66.35 |
1981 | 9 204 000 | 396 000 | 68 000 | 328 000 | 43.0 | 7.4 | 35.6 | 7.01 | 47.0 | 64.37 |
1982 | 9 511 000 | 404 000 | 83 000 | 321 000 | 42.4 | 8.7 | 33.7 | 6.88 | 48.6 | 61.12 |
1983 | 9 835 000 | 413 000 | 58 000 | 355 000 | 41.9 | 5.9 | 36.0 | 6.74 | 40.3 | 67.83 |
1984 | 10 183 000 | 422 000 | 55 000 | 366 000 | 41.4 | 5.4 | 35.9 | 6.61 | 38.3 | 68.92 |
1985 | 10 541 000 | 432 000 | 57 000 | 375 000 | 41.0 | 5.4 | 35.5 | 6.48 | 36.6 | 68.76 |
1986 | 10 908 000 | 441 000 | 57 000 | 384 000 | 40.4 | 5.2 | 35.2 | 6.33 | 35.0 | 69.21 |
1987 | 11 281 000 | 447 000 | 58 000 | 389 000 | 39.6 | 5.1 | 34.5 | 6.13 | 33.5 | 69.30 |
1988 | 11 658 000 | 448 000 | 58 000 | 390 000 | 38.4 | 4.9 | 33.4 | 5.89 | 32.3 | 69.67 |
1989 | 12 034 000 | 446 000 | 58 000 | 388 000 | 37.1 | 4.9 | 32.2 | 5.63 | 31.1 | 69.76 |
1990 | 12 409 000 | 446 000 | 59 000 | 387 000 | 35.9 | 4.8 | 31.1 | 5.38 | 29.9 | 69.82 |
1991 | 12 782 000 | 444 000 | 60 000 | 384 000 | 34.7 | 4.7 | 30.0 | 5.12 | 28.8 | 70.04 |
1992 | 13 156 000 | 448 000 | 60 000 | 387 000 | 34.0 | 4.6 | 29.4 | 4.95 | 27.7 | 70.26 |
1993 | 13 537 000 | 459 000 | 62 000 | 397 000 | 33.9 | 4.6 | 29.3 | 4.83 | 26.5 | 70.19 |
1994 | 13 923 000 | 468 000 | 64 000 | 404 000 | 33.6 | 4.6 | 29.0 | 4.72 | 25.4 | 70.14 |
1995 | 14 313 000 | 474 000 | 64 000 | 409 000 | 33.1 | 4.5 | 28.6 | 4.57 | 24.2 | 70.42 |
1996 | 14 709 000 | 478 000 | 67 000 | 411 000 | 32.5 | 4.5 | 28.0 | 4.43 | 23.1 | 70.35 |
1997 | 15 104 000 | 481 000 | 69 000 | 412 000 | 31.8 | 4.5 | 27.3 | 4.28 | 22.0 | 70.28 |
1998 | 15 501 000 | 487 000 | 71 000 | 416 000 | 31.4 | 4.6 | 26.8 | 4.18 | 21.0 | 70.20 |
1999 | 15 901 000 | 493 000 | 72 000 | 421 000 | 31.0 | 4.5 | 26.5 | 4.08 | 20.1 | 70.43 |
2000 | 16 308 000 | 500 000 | 72 000 | 428 000 | 30.6 | 4.4 | 26.2 | 4.00 | 19.3 | 70.76 |
2001 | 16 728 000 | 519 000 | 70 000 | 449 000 | 31.0 | 4.2 | 26.8 | 4.01 | 18.6 | 71.64 |
2002 | 17 164 000 | 529 000 | 70 000 | 459 000 | 30.8 | 4.1 | 26.7 | 3.95 | 18.0 | 71.94 |
2003 | 17 611 000 | 541 000 | 70 000 | 471 000 | 30.7 | 4.0 | 26.7 | 3.90 | 17.4 | 72.41 |
2004 | 18 084 000 | 553 000 | 72 000 | 481 000 | 30.6 | 4.0 | 26.6 | 3.86 | 17.0 | 72.48 |
2005 | 18 584 000 | 567 000 | 73 000 | 494 000 | 30.5 | 3.9 | 26.6 | 3.81 | 16.6 | 72.77 |
2006 | 19 432 000 | 579 000 | 72 000 | 507 000 | 30.3 | 3.8 | 26.5 | 3.76 | 16.3 | 73.35 |
2007 | 20 703 000 | 625 000 | 75 000 | 551 000 | 30.8 | 3.7 | 27.1 | 3.70 | 16.1 | 73.71 |
2008 | 21 474 000 | 673 000 | 81 000 | 592 000 | 31.0 | 3.7 | 27.3 | 3.61 | 16.0 | 73.55 |
2009 | 21 827 000 | 650 000 | 80 000 | 569 000 | 29.7 | 3.7 | 26.1 | 3.51 | 15.9 | 73.85 |
2010 | 22 338 000 | 641 000 | 83 000 | 558 000 | 28.7 | 3.7 | 25.0 | 3.40 | 15.9 | 73.88 |
2011 | 22 731 000 | 629 000 | 90 000 | 539 000 | 27.5 | 3.9 | 23.6 | 3.28 | 16.4 | 73.31 |
2012 | 22 606 000 | 615 000 | 148 000 | 467 000 | 26.6 | 6.4 | 20.2 | 3.22 | 23.0 | 66.77 |
2013 | 21 496 000 | 568 000 | 173 000 | 394 000 | 25.2 | 7.7 | 17.5 | 3.17 | 26.3 | 63.83 |
2014 | 20 072 000 | 465 000 | 168 000 | 297 000 | 22.4 | 8.1 | 14.3 | 3.10 | 27.1 | 63.15 |
2015 | 19 205 000 | 397 000 | 143 000 | 254 000 | 20.2 | 7.3 | 12.9 | 3.05 | 25.1 | 65.12 |
2016 | 18 964 000 | 359 000 | 133 000 | 226 000 | 18.9 | 7.0 | 11.9 | 2.99 | 24.5 | 65.99 |
2017 | 18 983 000 | 355 000 | 115 000 | 240 000 | 18.6 | 6.0 | 12.5 | 2.94 | 18.5 | 68.48 |
2018 | 19 333 000 | 346 000 | 106 000 | 240 000 | 18.2 | 5.6 | 12.6 | 2.89 | 18.6 | 70.15 |
2019 | 20 098 000 | 375 000 | 100 000 | 275 000 | 18.9 | 5.0 | 13.9 | 2.84 | 18.1 | 71.82 |
2020 | 20 773 000 | 406 000 | 103 000 | 303 000 | 19.7 | 5.0 | 14.7 | 2.80 | 18.1 | 72.14 |
2021 | 21 324 000 | 427 000 | 109 000 | 318 000 | 20.1 | 5.1 | 15.0 | 2.75 | 17.8 | 72.06 |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Name | TFR (2009) |
---|---|
Aleppo | 3.2 |
Damascus | 2.6 |
Daraa | 5.2 |
Deir ez-Zor | 6.9 |
Hama | 3.3 |
Al-Hasakah | 3.5 |
Homs | 3.1 |
Idlib | 4.8 |
Latakia | 2.2 |
Quneitra | 3.8 |
Raqqa | 5 |
Rif Dimashq | 3.3 |
Al-Suwayda |
2.1 |
Tartus | 2.3 |
Syria | 3.5 |
Name | MFR (2009) |
---|---|
Aleppo | 5.4 |
Damascus | 4.7 |
Daraa | 7.3 |
Deir ez-Zor | 10.2 |
Hama | 6.6 |
Al-Hasakah | 6.8 |
Homs | 5.9 |
Idlib | 7.7 |
Latakia | 4.5 |
Quneitra | 6.5 |
Raqqa | 7.9 |
Rif Dimashq | 5.4 |
Al-Suwayda |
4 |
Tartus | 4.8 |
Syria | 6 |
Life expectancy at birth
This data is from
total: 75.2 years
male: 72.8 years
female: 77.8 years (2018 est.)
Population centers
60% of the population lives in the Aleppo Governorate, the Euphrates valley or along the coastal plain; a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density is about 118.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (306/sq mi).
Urbanization
This data is from
Urban population: 54.2% of total population (2018)
Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas
As of 2018; this data is from
Damascus (capital): 2.32 million
Aleppo: 1.754 million
Homs: 1.295 million
Hama: 894,000
Ethnicity and religion
On 1 January 2011, Syria was estimated to have a population of 24 million people, distributed over its 14 governorates.[50] Arabs represent 80-85% of the population, with the rest being a mixture of many ethnic and religious sects, as shown in the table below:
Ethnic and religious groups | % of Syrian population[50] | Notes[50] |
---|---|---|
Syrian Arabs | 80–85% | The Arabs form the majority in all districts except for the Al-Hasakah Governorate. |
Kurds | 10% | The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims, with a Yazidi minority; concentrated in Syrian Kurdistan region and major urban centres outside that region. |
Turkmen/Turkoman | 4–5% | Descendants of ethnic Turks, rather than Turkmens. These figures exclude the Arabic-speaking Turks. Only approximately 30% of Turkmen speak a Turkic language. The majority are Sunni Muslims. |
Assyrians | 3–4% | Most Assyrians are Christians |
Circassians | 1.5% | The majority of Circassians are Sunni Muslims. |
Armenians | 1% | The majority of Armenians are Christians. |
Smaller groups of Albanians, Greeks and Chechens, among others | <0.9% (combined) | A significant number of these ethnic groups are Arabized , particularly those that adhere to Islam.
|
The CIA World Factbook cites the following figures for ethnic groups as at July 2018: approximately
There has been no Syrian census including a question about religion since 1960, these are thus the last official statistics available:[53]
In 1991 Professor
According to Pierre Beckouche, before 2011,
The CIA World Factbook cites the following figures for religious groups: religions -
The first census which focused on the sectarian distribution was carried out in 1932 under the
1943 census[57][58] | 1953 census[57] | Growth[57] | |
---|---|---|---|
Sunnis | 1,971,053 (68.91%) | 2,578,810 (70.54%) | 31% |
Shi'ites | 12,742 (0.45%) | 14,887 (0.41%) | 17% |
Alawites | 325,311 (11.37%) | 398,445 (10.90%) | 22% |
Ismailis | 28,527 (1.00%) | 36,745 (1.01%) | 29% |
Druze | 87,184 (3.05%) | 113,318 (3.10%) | 30% |
Yezidi | 2,788 (0.10%) | 3,082 (0.08%) | 11% |
Total Muslims | 2,427,605 (84.87%) | 3,145,287 (86.03%) | 30% |
Jews | 29,770 (1.04%) | 31,647 (0.87%) | 6% |
Christians | 403,036 (14.09%) | 478,970 (13.10%) | 19% |
Literacy rate
Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 11. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or vocational training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university admission. Total enrollment at post-secondary schools is over 150,000. The literacy rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 86.0% for males and 73.6% for females.[59]
Languages
According to The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, in addition to Arabic, the following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers:
Many educated Syrians also speak English and French.[62][63]
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ a b c Khalifa, Mustafa (2013), "The impossible partition of Syria", Arab Reform Initiative: 3–5, archived from the original on 2019-03-27, retrieved 2019-03-27,
Arabs constitute the major ethnic group in Syria, making up between 80 and 85% of the population.
Kurds are the second largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 10% of the Syrian population and distributed among four regions...with a Yazidi minority that numbers around 40,000...
Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabized and no longer speak their mother language...
Assyrians are the fourth largest ethnic group in Syria. They represent the original and oldest inhabitants of Syria, today making up around 3–4% of the Syrian population...
Circassians are the fifth largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1.5% of the population...
Armenians are sixth largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1% of the population...
There are also a small number of other ethnic groups in Syria, including Greek, Albanian, Bosnian, Pashtun, Russian, and Azeri people... - ISBN 978-1440858352,
Syria has several other ethnic groups, the Kurds... they make up an estimated 9 percent...Turkomen comprise around 4-5 percent of the total population. The rest of the ethnic mix of Syria is made of Assyrians (about 4 percent), Armenians (about 2 percent), and Circassians (about 1 percent).
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- ^ Hassan, G; Kirmayer, L.J.; Mekki-Berrada, A.; Quosh, C.; el Chammay, R; Deville-Stoetzel, J.B; Youssef, A; Jefee-Bahloul, H; Barkeel-Oteo, A; Coutts, A; Song, S; Ventevogel, P (2015), Culture, Context and the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians (PDF), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-26, retrieved 2018-07-20,
Given the lack of accurate census data, it is only possible to estimate the ethnic and religious composition of the current Syrian population. While the majority of Syrians are considered Arabs, this is a term based on spoken language (Arabic), not ethnicity. Around nine to ten percent of Syria's population is Kurdish (close to two million people), followed by Turkmen,...
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7
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- ISBN 978-1615303298