Syrian Turkmen
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
See Turks in Lebanon · Azerbaijanis |
Syrian Turkmen (
The majority of Syrian Turkmen are the descendants of migrants who arrived in Syria during
Syrian Turkmen share common genealogical and linguistic ties with the Turkish people in Turkey and
During the ongoing
History
Turkic migration to Syria began in the 11th century during the rule of the
Seljuk era
Syrian Turkmen have had a presence in Syria since the 11th century.
Mamluk era
In 1260, the
Ottoman era
Mamluk rule of Syria ended once the Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered the region in 1516–17.[19] Thereafter, the Ottoman administration encouraged Turkish nomads from Anatolia to settle in strategic areas of the region. By the sixteenth century the Ottomans continued to settle Turkmen in the rural areas around Homs and Hama to keep the Bedouin in check and serve as mütesellim.[20]
Turkish migration from Anatolia to Ottoman Syria was continuous for almost 400 years, until Ottoman rule ended in 1918.[12] The Turkish settlement throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities was a state-organized population transfer which was used to counter the demographic weight and influence of other ethnic groups in the region. Furthermore, the Turkmen served as the local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority.[9]
By the late nineteenth century, many Turkish refugees who lost their lands to Russia in the European regions of the Ottoman Empire (particularly in the Balkans) settled in Ottoman Syria between 1878 and 1906 and were provided with new lands by the Ottoman state.[21] According to Dawn Chatty, these Turkmen settlers (alongside Circassian and Chechen refugees) became loyal subjects to the sultan and were "driven to succeed in agriculture and ready to defend themselves against any Bedouin claims to the land on which they had built their villages".[21]
Vilayet of Aleppo
According to the French geographer
Ethnic and religious groups | Estimated population in the Aleppo Sanjak (ca.1890-95)[22][page needed] | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Syrian Arab | 300,541 | 38.41% |
Ottoman Turk | 159,787 | 20.43% |
Kurdish and Turkmen nomads | 103,744 | 13.26% |
Greek Catholic | 23,315 | 2.98% |
Syrian Catholic | 20,913 | 2.67% |
Syrian Jacobite | 20,594 | 2.63% |
Jew | 19,633 | 2.51% |
Greek Orthodox | 18,665 | 2.39% |
Armenian Apostolic | 17,999 | 2.30% |
Chaldean Catholic | 17,027 | 2.18% |
Armenian Catholic | 15,563 | 1.96% |
Chaldean non-Uniate | 15,300 | 1.96% |
Protestant | 9,033 | 1.15% |
Circassian | 9,000 | 1.15% |
Other Muslims (Fellah, Ansarieh, Tahtaji, Nusairi) | 26,713 | 3.41% |
Other Catholic (Latin and Maronite) | 4,447 | 0.57% |
Total | 782,274 | 100% |
French Mandate
The Alexandretta/Hatay Question
In 1921, the
Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[24] | ||||||
Ethnic group | Inhabitants | % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turks | 85,800 | 39% | ||||
Alawites | 61,600 | 28% | ||||
Armenians | 24,200 | 11% | ||||
Sunni Arabs |
22,000 | 10% | ||||
other Christians | 17,600 | 8% | ||||
Circassians, Jews, Kurds | 8,800 | 4% | ||||
Total | 220,000 | 100% |
In September 1936, France announced that it would grant full independence to Syria, which would also include Alexandretta. The President of the
Syrian Republican era
After the
By 1950, Latakia showed great economic potential as the largest port city in Syria, and many Syrian Turkmen living in rural villages joined the Turkmen community already established there. Consequently, there is now a total of 265 Turkish villages in and around Latakia center.[31]
In addition to urban migrations, under the name of "land reform", lands owned by the Turkmen were nationalized and Arabs were resettled in areas near the Turkish border. Arabization policies also saw the names of Turkish villages renamed with Arabic names.
The cultural and political rights of the Turkish-speaking minority remaining in Syrian territories was not guaranteed under any legal constitution.[31] Those living in large groups managed to protect their cultural identity, however, Turkmen living in smaller groups were significantly Arabized. In any case, the minority had no rights to open Turkish schools or associations.[31]
By the late 20th century, Dr. Larry Clark stated there was "more than 200,000" Turkmen in Syria
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
Since the beginning of the
Syrian Turkmen, with the support of the
Displacement
Since the beginning of the
In 2012 the
An article published by
By the Syrian Government
The Syrian Government of president Bashar al-Assad, backed by Russia since 2015, have targeted several areas populated by Syrian Turkmen, as they were largely involved in anti-government attacks. On 2 February 2016, at least seven women and children were killed by Russian air strikes in a Syrian Turkmen village in the northern countryside of Homs.[47] In the same month Russian warplanes had staged 600 strikes on Syrian Turkmen villages, displacing approximately 10,000 people.[48]
By the YPG
There have also been reports that there had been forced displacement of Arabs, Syrian Turkmen and Kurdish civilians at the hands of the
Current population
There are no reliable estimates on the total number of ethnic minorities living in Syria because official censuses have only asked citizens about their religion, therefore, Syrian citizens have not been allowed to declare their ethnic origin or mother tongue.
According to Professor Taef El-Azhari, the Syrian Turkmen have "always been the forgotten minority in the area despite their large population".
"Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4-5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language. Turkmen are mostly found in the urban centres and countryside of six governorates of Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Homs, Hama, Latakia and Quneitra." – Mustafa Khalifa (2013, published by the Arab Reform Initiative)[5]
Estimates since the Syrian Civil War
Assistant Professor Sebastian Maisel, focusing on the
Diaspora
Middle East
Turkey
In December 2016 the Turkish Foreign Ministry Undersecretary
.In 2020 the Voice of America reported that 1,000,000 Syrian Turkmen (including descendants) who are living in Turkey are requesting to become Turkish citizens.[63]
Lebanon
In October 2015, the Syrian independent newspaper Zaman Al Wasl reported that 120,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees arrived in
Jordan
A substantial number of Syrian Turkmen refugees also fled to Jordan.[41]
Europe
Outside the Middle East, Syrian Turkmen refugees have mainly fled to Western Europe (particularly Germany), but some have also been given refuge in countries as far as Australia.[43]
Germany
Established in Germany, the "Suriye Türkmen Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği – Avrupa",or "STKYDA", ("Syrian Turkmen Culture and Solidarity Association – Europe") was the first Syrian Turkmen association to be launched in Europe.
Areas of settlement
Most Syrian Turkmen live in the area around the northern
In the Aleppo governorate, the main locales in which the Turkmen live include the city of Aleppo (with Bustan al-Basha, Haydariyah, Hllok, Sheikh Hizir, Sheikh Feriz, Saladdin, Owaijah being neighborhoods with ethnic Turkmen populations) and the countryside in the northern part of the governorate. They also live in the villages next to the cities of Azaz, Al-Bab, and Jarabulus.[5][71][72] Al-Rai is also a Turkmen-dominated town. There are 16 Turkmen-dominated villages south of Mount Simeon, 17 Turkmen villages in the district of Azaz, 29 villages to the east of that region, 3 villages connected to Aleppo, 69 villages around Al-Rai, 26 villages in the vicinity of Jarabulus, and 23 villages south of Sajur River.[73]
In the Latakia governorate the Turkmen live mostly in the
In the Damascus governorate the Turkmen live in the city of Damascus, and Harret Al Turkman is a Turkmen district where Turkish is predominantly spoken.[70] In the Homs governorate the Turkmen mostly live in the city of Homs and the surrounding villages, such as Kara Avshar, Inallu, and Kapushak.[70] They also live in Gharnatah, Al-Krad, Burj Qa'i, al-Sam'lil, and in villages in the Houla plain.[5] In the Hama governorate the Turkmen live in the city of Hama and are also scattered in numerous villages around the district.[5] For example, Baba Amir Haras is a prominent Turkmen district.[70] There are also Turkmen living in Aqrab and Talaf.[74] In the Quneitra governorate the Turkmen are scattered in numerous villages in the districts of Quneitra.[5] They predominantly reside in the villages of Dababiye, Rezaniye, Sindiyane, Aynul Kara, Aynul Simsim, Ulayka, Aynul Alak, Ahmediye, Kafer Nafah, Mugir, Hafir, Hüseyniye, and Ayn Ayse.[70]
Culture
Language
According to The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, the
Various dialects of Turkish are spoken throughout Syria: in
In 2018 Dr. Eldad J. Pardo and Maya Jacobi reported that they did not identify any Turkish (nor
-
Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of Al-Rai Council.
-
Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of Al-Bab police station.
Religion
The majority of Syrian Turkmen are
-
The Murad Pasha Mosque (Turkish: Şam Murat Paşa Camii) in Damascus was built by the Ottomans in 1568.
-
The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (known in Turkish as Şam Süleymaniye Külliyesi) in Damascus was built by the Ottomans in the sixteenth century.
There are also some Syrian "
Discrimination
From the
Under the rule of Hafez al-Assad, there has been a ban on Syrian Turkmen communities from publishing works in Turkish.[11][88]
Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by Al Bawaba, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Alawite religious minority. The report quoted Bayırbucak Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".[89]
Notable people
Several Turkish families, such as the
- Armande Altaï, French singer[97]
- Akshamsaddin, Ottoman religious scholar
- Kanj Yousef Pasha Zadeh, Genç Pasha-Zadeh, Ottoman governor of Damascus state 1807–1811.
- Al-Azm family[90][86]
- Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Damascus
- As'ad Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Hama and Damascus
- Haqqi al-Azm, former prime minister of Syria
- Ibrahim bin Taher bin Ahmed Al-Azem (ar), poet and human rights activist
- Ismail Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Hama, Homs Tripoli and Damascus
- Khalid al-Azm, six-time former prime minister of Syria[86]
- Muhammad Fawzi Pasha al-Azm (ar), first president of the first parliament in Syria
- Muhammad Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Sidon and Damascus
- Rafīq Bey al-ʿAzm, intellectual, author, and politician
- Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Aleppo and Egypt (among others)
- Sadiq al-Azm (ar), traveler and Ottoman military commander
- Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, professor emeritus of Modern European Philosophy at the University of Damascus[86]
- Sulayman Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Tripoli, Sidon and Damascus
- Adel al-Azma, Politician
- Bashir al-Azma, Prime Minister of Syria (1962)
- Nabih Al-Azma, Minister of Interior in Jordan (1925)[91]
- Yasser al-Azma, Actor
- Yusuf al-'Azma, Minister of War in Syria (1920)[91]
- Aziz al-Azmeh
- President of Syria (1922–1925)[28]
- Burhan Asaf Belge, Turkish politician[98]
- Mardam Bey family:[99][29][95]
- Adnan Mardam Bey, lawyer, playwright and poet
- Farouk Mardam-Bey, French librarian, historian and publisher
- Ghada Mardam Bey, First program director on Syrian TV
- Haydar Mardam Bey, diplomat
- Jamil Mardam Bey, Prime Minister of Syria (1936–1939)[95]
- British software developer and creator of mIRC
- Syrian National Anthem
- Rashid Pasha Mardam Bey, judge
- Salma Mardam Bey, Writer[95]
- Sami Mardam-Bey, politician who was elected deputy and vice-president of the Syrian federation
- Mohammed al-Bezm (ar), Poet
- Cemil Bilsel, Turkish politician and academic[100]
- Emin Bozoğlan, Second President of the Syrian Turkmen Assembly (2016–present)
- Mehmed Fuad Carim, Turkish politician[101]
- Thanaa Debsi, Actress
- Tharaa Debsi, Actress
- Mohammad Emadi, Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade[87]
- Nadia al-Ghazzi, Lawyer, writer, TV presenter[92]
- Said al-Ghazzi, Prime Minister of Syria (in 1954 and 1955–56)[92]
- Sati' al-Husri, writer[94]
- The Voice France)[102]
- Sami Sabit Karaman, General of the Turkish army
- Syrian National Coalition (2015–2016)[11]
- Mehmet Muhittin Kurtiş, Turkish soldier
- Sanharib Malki, football player
- Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Polymath[103]
- Ghaith Mofeed, artist[104]
- Abdurrahman Mustafa, First President of the Syrian Turkmen Assembly (2012–2016)[105]
- Huda Naamani, Feminist writer[92]
- Mustafa Naima, Ottoman historian
- Mahmud Kâmil Pasha, General of the Ottoman army
- Zeki Pasha, Ottoman Turkish field marshal
- Abu Khalil Qabbani, playwright and composer[106][75]
- Nizar Qabbani, diplomat, poet and publisher[75]
- Sabah Qabbani, Ambassador of Syria to the United States (1974–1981)[75]
- children:
- Rana Kabbani, Syrian cultural historian
- Shukri al-Quwatli, First president of post-independence Syria (1943–1949) and (1955–1958).
- Aliye Rona, Turkish actress[107]
- Reşit Ronabar, Ottoman governor and Turkish politician[108]
- Suleyman Shah
- Hala Shawkat, Actress.[109]
- Adib Shishakli, Prime Minister and President of Syria (1953–1954)
- Talal Silo, former Syrian Democratic Forces spokesperson.[110]
- Adil Şan, Singer[111]
- Mehmet Şandır (tr), Turkish politician[27]
- Pakize Tarzi, Turkey's first female gynaecologist[112]
- Mustafa Tlass, Syrian Minister of Defense in (1972–2004)[113]
- children:
- Manaf Tlass, former Brigadier General
- Firas Tlass, business tycoon
- Hasan Turkmani. Minister of Defense (2004–2009)[114]
- children:
- Bilal Turkmani, owner of the Syrian weekly Abyad wa Aswad
- Rim Turkmani, astrophysicist
- Refi Cevat Ulunay (tr), Turkish writer
- Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1965)[93]
- Necdet Yılmaz (tr), Turkish politician
- Husni al-Za'im, President of Syria (1949)[115]
- Muhammed Habes, Jarabulus Civilian Council President (since August 2016)
- Ahmed Othman, Old SAA colonel, leader of Sultan Murad Division since 2013[116]
- Nur ad-Din Zengi, a member of the Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.
- Edessa. He was the namesake of the Zengid dynasty.
- Tutush I, Seljuk Emir of Damascus.
- Seljuk governor of Aleppo.
See also
- List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
- Syria–Turkey relations
- Turkish military intervention in Syria
- Northern al-Bab offensive (2016)
- Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)
- Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
- Turks in the Arab world
- Iraqi Turkmen
- Turks in Lebanon
- Turks in Egypt
- Turks in the Arab world
- Arabs in Turkey
Notes
- ^ Also referred to as Syrian Turkomans, Turkish Syrians, or simply Syrian Turks or Turks of Syria (Suriye Türkleri).
References
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The third largest ethnic group in Syria is the Turkish speakers...They comprise around 4-5 percent of the total population
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Les Turcomans pratiquant exclusivement leur dialecte turc sont 1 500 000. L'ensemble des Turcomans de Syrie (y compris ceux qui ont adopté l'arabe comme langue usuelle), sont estimés entre 3,5 et 6 millions, soit de 15 à 20 % de la population. C'est le troisième groupe de population en importance.
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In the context of Syria, though, the term ["Turkmen"] is used somewhat differently, to refer mainly to people of Turkish heritage whose families migrated to Syria from Anatolia during the centuries of the Ottoman period — and thus would be closer kin to the Turks of Turkey than to the Turkmens of Central Asia...Q. How many are there? A. No reliable figures are available, and estimates on the number of Turkmens in Syria and nearby countries vary widely, from the hundreds of thousands up to 3 million or more.
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Syria's Turkmen communities are descendants of Oghuz Turkish tribal migrants who began moving from Central Asia into the area of modern-day Syria during the 10th century, when the Turkic Seljuk dynasty ruled much of the region. Under the Ottomans, Turkmen were encouraged to establish villages throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities in order to counter the demographic weight and influence of the settled and nomadic and semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that populated the region. Syrian Turkmen were also settled to serve as local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority over roads and mountain passes in diverse regions such as the Alawite-majority, northwestern coastal governorate of Latakia. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, communities of Turkmen continued to reside in the country.
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ولد خليل بن أحمد مختار مردم بك في دمشق عام 1895، من أصل تركي.
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But the result was a Russian escalation of attacks on Turkmen areas, displacing 300,000 Turkmen from northern Latakia alone. Since then, Syrian government forces have taken control of many villages and hilltops on the Turkmen Mountain.
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We did not identify any Syrian Kurdish (Kurmanji), Turkish or Aramaic teaching, either as a first or second language, although the ethno-linguistic Kurdish minority is large—forming about 10 percent of the population. The numbers of Turkmen and Assyrians is also significant.
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The Qabbani family was of Turkish origin and came from Konya; their original family name was Ak Bıyık, meaning "white moustache" in Turkish.
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Al-Damand was a man of Turkish origin, who could hardly speak Arabic...
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At this point, a rough sketch of Sadik al-Azm's cultural and social background might be in place... Syrian by birth and educated in Lebanon, he is in fact of "Ottoman" and Turkish descent. His family belonged to the Ottoman ruling class in Damascus; its power dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries...The Turkish family al-Azm continued to stay in Damascus, now the capital of the new Syrian state under French mandate. A member of the family, Khalid bey al-Azm, even became prime minister.
- ^ a b c "Turkmen: A Minority Influential in Syrian Culture", Enab Baladi, 2019
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Suat Hayri Ürgüplü. 13 Ağustos 1903 tarihinde Şam'da doğdu.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-230-39278-6,
The Pan-Arabist origins of anti-Iranism were mainly constructed in Iraq especially from 1921 when King Faisal I (1885–1935) bought Satia al-Husri (1882–1968; of Syrian-Turkish descent) to Iraq...
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