Frank Reginald Carey
Frank Reginald Carey | |
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Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United States)Distinguished Flying Cross & Two Bars Air Force Cross Distinguished Flying Medal Silver Star | |
Other work | Rolls-Royce Aero Engine Division |
Frank Reginald "Chota" Carey,
Born in Brixton, London, Carey was educated at Belvedere School before he joined the RAF in September 1927 at the age of 15 as an apprentice metal rigger. After completing the apprenticeship Carey was assigned to No. 43 Squadron RAF based at RAF Tangmere. In 1933 he converted to the role of fitter at RAF Worthy Down. In 1935 he applied to become a fighter pilot and completed the training in 1936. Carey was posted back to 43 Squadron and by 1939 was an established pilot.
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Carey flew defensive patrols over eastern Scotland, where he gained his first successes. He was awarded the
Carey was given command of
Carey was credited with 23 enemy aircraft shot down, six shared destroyed, four unconfirmed destroyed, seven probable, two destroyed on the ground and ten damaged. Of the 23 credited destroyed in air combat, 15 were German and 8 Japanese.[1]
Following World War II he spent two years at
Early life and career
Frank Reginald Carey was born in
Carey was educated at Belverdere School, Haywards Heath; a relative paid for the brothers' education there. A former pupil of Belverdere had become a fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force (RAF). The pilot frequently visited the school and performed low fly-pasts in an Armstrong Whitworth Siskin, and this display encouraged Carey to seek a career as a pilot and leave home. Carey's father had remarried and Frank did not get on with his new wife or new step-brothers. The family's finances were in a parlous state and coupled with Frank's poor educational performance, he was prevented from applying to join the RAF immediately.[2]
Cary found salvation in the Halton Apprenticeship Scheme at
In 1930 Carey was posted to
Carey arrived at Tangmere on 30 November 1936. Carey's 5-foot 3-inch frame earned him the nickname Chota ("little one"), a name absorbed by the RAF from its time in India. Carey flew the
Second World War
On 1 September 1939 the German armed forces (
On 29 January 1940
The Luftwaffe persisted with raids on the north-east coast of England. On 3 February it committed 24 He 111s from KG 26 and a pair of Junkers Ju 88s from Kampfgeschwader 30. Carey took off with a section of 43 Squadron—a number of sections from the squadron had already scrambled— at 11:15. They intercepted He 111s bombing ships 15 miles off Tynemouth. Carey and his wingman, Sergeant Peter Ottewill engaged and downed a He 111, although it took the combined ammunition of both Hurricanes to do so. Ottewill headed off the He 111 while Carey attacked. When the German pilot attempted to climb for cloud cover, Ottewill joined the attack. The Heinkel landed on the sea with both engines stopped and sank. The pilot. Oberfeldwebel Fritz Wiemer, was later rescued and became a prisoner of war. The remainder died in a field hospital. The German attack sank three ships—Alexandria of unknown size and nationality, the Norwegian Tempo (629 tons) and the Greek Nicolau Zografia near the Farne Islands. Three He 111s were lost according to a German radio broadcast.[7][8]
Carey was awarded the
France and Low countries
On 10 May 1940 the German Wehrmacht began
Merville had already been bombed. Over the course of the day the squadron engaged the Luftwaffe whenever they took off. At 19:30 GMT 3 squadron engaged He 111s from III./
On 11 May a
On 13 May over Belgium, Carey claimed six enemy aircraft, qualifying him as an "
On 14 May 1940 Carey flew his last patrol in the campaign. While leading a section of Hurricanes over the front, Carey spotted a lone
Carey was eventually taken to No. 26 Aircraft Depot in southern France, where other wounded aircrew were brought to recover and then rejoin their units. After days of inactivity and confusion as the Allied forces collapsed, Carey and the other personnel found a serviceable
Battle of Britain
Carey was awarded the
On 1 July the squadron flew reconnaissance escort to
On 18 July Carey flew several missions. He was vectored by ground-control onto the intruder by Chain Home Radio Direction Finding (RDF) facilities. The RDF sent a report to the main operations room of Fighter Command Headquarters at RAF Bentley Priory. After determining it was hostile, they ordered the operations room, staffed by Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) personnel, to plot the course allowing the Fighter Controller at Group Headquarters to guide RAF fighters to the approximate location of the enemy. On this occasion the interception went well until the German pilot was able to escape into a large layer of cloud and flee to France.[27][28][29][30]
The following day, 19 July, Carey scrambled on three occasions and participated in two patrols covering Allied shipping in the Channel. On the fourth sortie he was scrambled at 16:55 to intercept enemy aircraft off Selsey Bill. The squadron engaged Bf 109s from III./Jagdgeschwader 27. During the engagement Carey claimed to have scored hits on two and to have shot down one. It is possible Carey's victim was Leutnant Erbo Graf von Kageneck who was wounded. The battle had been expensive. Two 43 Squadron Hurricanes were lost. Flight Lieutenant John W. C. Simpson was wounded and bailed out of Hurricane P3140 with an injured foot. He broke a collar bone as he collided with a garden fence. Sergeant J. A. Buck was killed after he baled out. Carey heard him radio that he was wounded in the leg and intended to parachute out. Buck's body was later washed onto the beach; he had apparently drowned.[31][b] In his combat report, Carey stated that he followed his victim down through cloud and observed oil and wreckage on the water—but this was probably Simpson's Hurricane. Kageneck was the only loss admitted by the Germans. He managed to return to France wounded.[32] No mention of Kageneck's damaged Bf 109 was made in German records.[33]
On the night of 22/23 July Carey was on night patrol when raiders were reported. Although he made no interceptions he observed a Dornier Do 17 of 2./
On 8 August the Luftwaffe sent a large formation of Ju 87s and Bf 109s supported by Bf 110s to destroy the British convoy PEWITT. The convoy had been mauled through the morning but a renewed attempt was made to destroy it in the afternoon. 145 Squadron along with 43 Squadron were scrambled to defend the convoy. The battle commenced just after 16:00. Three 145 Hurricanes were lost with their pilots in action with the Bf 110s while a further three were lost from 43 Squadron. Of the six pilots, five were killed. From 43 Squadron Pilot Officers J. R. S. Oelofse and J. Cruttenden were killed and Sergeant H. C. Upton survived. Three Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 machines fell to 145. Four were damaged in combat with 43 Squadron; two were 70% and 80% damaged. V./Lehrgeschwader 1 suffered two damaged Bf 110s. Three Bf 109s from II./JG 27 were lost, two falling to 43 Squadron. A further fighter was damaged. The attack had failed to register a direct hit and none of the ships were sunk. Carey's was one of the 43 Squadron Hurricanes damaged in the battle.[36][37]
Carey's Squadron Leader had ordered him to cover the squadron with just three other pilots. A large number of escorting Bf 109s engaged his three-man section. Carey was able to get into firing positions several times before a Bf 110 hit him with cannon fire. The round hit the port wing and exploded the ammunition stored there, causing a large hole. The Hurricane turned onto its back and Carey noticed blood seeping from his hands and arm. He corrected the attitude of the aircraft and succeeded in attacking a flight of Bf 109s from astern and hit one but was again attacked and hit by a Bf 110 which shot off his rudder and one elevator. The fight had taken him near to Cherbourg and he decided to extract himself and fly to Tangmere. The Hurricane, P3202, was later repaired. 43 Squadron's tormentors in the battle were probably from V./LG 1.[38] Carey described the raid as "so terrible" and "inextricable", that it was "like trying to stop a Steamroller".[39]
On 12 August the Luftwaffe attacked the naval base at
The following day, the Germans began Adlertag (Eagle Day), a concentrated effort to destroy airbases in south east England. Carey was in action throughout the day claiming one Ju 88 destroyed, two damaged and one probably destroyed that morning.[41]
Two days later, on 15 August—noted for the intensity and scale of combat—the Luftwaffe carried out effective attacks from
The following day 1, 43 and 601 Squadrons intercepted Ju 87s from StG 2 and Bf 110s from III./ZG 76 on their way to attack Tangmere—43's home airfield.
On 18 August 1940, a date known as
43 Squadron engaged and Carey shot down a Ju 87 of I./StG 77 but was hit in the knee by a stray bullet. Due to enemy action he could not land at Tangmere airfield and had to crash-land his Hurricane at Pulborough. Six Ju 87s fell to 43 Squadron in this battle. Carey was the only 43 pilot injured. No other Hurricane of the squadron was damaged. The fate of Carey's mount—Hurricane R4109—is disputed. One source alleges it was destroyed in the crash, another states the machine was repaired and written off in a training flight on 18 March 1941.[45][46] The day was a major success for Fighter Command and Carey was the RAF's only major casualty; two pilots from 601 Squadron were also killed in this battle. 16 Ju 87s had been destroyed and two more severely damaged upon crash-landing in France. The cost had been three RAF fighters destroyed and eight damaged.[47]
After medical treatment in Chichester and recuperation Carey was posted back to 43 Squadron but did not fly again for a month. The squadron suffered increasing casualties as the battle wore on. Squadron Leader Badger baled out on 30 August wounded and later died on 30 June 1941. On 7 September 1940 Frank was lunching with other pilots at Tangmere's mess that afternoon while the Adjutant took pictures of the semi-formal gathering sitting in deck chairs and drinking from tankards. That same after noon, Caesar Hull and two other pilots were killed when the Luftwaffe began its first deliberate attack on London, initiating The Blitz. Morale sank and the squadron was sent north to Newcastle to rest on 8 September. Thomas Dalton-Morgan took command of 43 Squadron at Newcastle and Carey flew again for the first time on 23 September 1940 and was promoted to Flight commander, but the squadron remained in the north until the end of the Battle of Britain in October 1940. On 20 January 1941 Carey and another pilot (Pilot Officer Tufnell) chased a Ju 88 out over the North Sea and claimed it damaged before it escaped into cloud.[48]
Far East
On 20 February 1941, having flown 1,161 hours and 45 minutes, Carey left 43 Squadron for his new posting to a No. 52 Operational Training Unit at
Originally intended for service in the
The
Into this, 135 Squadron were thrust with few aircraft, spares and enormous
On 30 January 1942 Carey's flight was attacked by Ki-27s over Mingaladon and Pilot Officer Kitley's Hurricane had the aerial shot off by an enemy fighter. Carey and the rest of the flight failed to see the attack and all returned to base.
On 24 February Carey flew a ground attack airfield at the Japanese-held airfield
The RAF units near
Japanese patrols were infrequent and Carey scrambled only three time in June 1942. In July the squadron received the Hurricane IICs armed with Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannons. On 3 August he damaged the tail plane of a Hurricane when he hit a tree during a mock-ground attack flight. On 11 September 1942 Carey was flying a high altitude patrol at 25,000 feet when his engine failed and force landed back at the airfield. Three days later he chased a Japanese aircraft out over the sea without success. On 12 October 1942 Carey was promoted to officer commanding 165 Wing RAF at Dum Dum airfield.[61]
The RAF units in Burma moved to
End of operations
165 Wing were moved to
Carey was granted leave and returned to Britain on 13 June 1943 on 13 different flights, arriving on 24 June. After a stay with family, he attended the Central Gunnery School at
On 2 November 1944 he was posted to command 73 Operational Training Unit (OTU) in Egypt as a group captain. Carey most flew Spitfires and P-47s in Egypt to prepare pilots for operations in the Italian campaign, which ended with the Axis surrender in May 1945. Carey took possession of an all-black P-47 with a red line down the fuselage to mark him out in mock-air battles. On 1 January 1945 Air Marshal Guy Garrod, AOC RAF Mediterranean and Middle East awarded Carey the Air Force Cross for his leadership in India and Burma. He was then mentioned in the New Year's Honours List 1945. On 10 June 1945, Carey was appointed to RAF Tangmere as officer commanding tactics for the Central Fighter Establishment. Carey took part in the September 1945 flypast to commemorate the fifth anniversary of the Battle of Britain, since continued by Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and the surrender of Japan ending the war.[63]
Post-war
Carey was given a permanent commission in the rank of squadron leader on 1 September 1945. Carey was commissioned to the rank of wing commander in May 1946. After attending the
Carey returned to England in 1947 to divorce his first wife and marry army nurse Bertha Kathleen Walters Jones, known as Kate. They married on 18 December 1947 in
On 18 August 1949 he was appointed wing commander (organisation) at No. 12 Group RAF, Fighter Command before being wing commander (operations) in Scotland on 2 July 1951. Several more appointments followed; from October 1952 he was station commander at RAF Honiley in England and from April 1953 was promoted to group captain and assigned to Fighter Command headquarters from January 1956.[65]
Carey became air adviser to the British High Commission in
Air victories
Carey was credited with 23 enemy aircraft shot down, six shared destroyed, four unconfirmed destroyed, seven probable, two destroyed on the ground and ten damaged. Of the 23 credited destroyed in air combat, 15 were German and 8 Japanese.[1]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||
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Claim No. | Date | Time | Location | Enemy aircraft | Notes |
30 January 1940 | 12:30 | Heinkel He 111 shared destroyed | Shared with Hull. The machine was a 4./KG 26 He 111H-1 code 1H+KM. Werknummer (Wrk Nr or factory number) unknown. Feldwebel Helmut Höfer, Obergefreiter Albert Hain, Gefreiter Werner Korsinsky posted missing, observer Unteroffizier Richard Feist, killed in action.[5] | ||
3 February 1940 | 11:20 | He 111 shared destroyed | Shared with Ottewill. The He 111H-2, code 1H+GK, from 2./KG 26 was lost over the sea. Pilot Oberfeldwebel Fritz Wiemer was captured. Unteroffizier Willi Wolff (mechanic) and Karl-Ernst Thiede (gunner) were killed. Thiede drowned when his buoyancy aid was punctured. Unteroffizier Alfred Dittrich (wireless operator) was captured and the body of Feldwebel Franz Schnee (observer) was recovered.[68] | ||
28 March 1940 | 12:30 | He 111 shared destroyed | Shared with Hull and Gough. Pilot Oberleutnant Horst Gollmann was killed with his crew. The He 111, code P4+BA of Korpsführungskette (Corps Leader Flight), | ||
1–3 | 10 May 1940 | 19:35 19:40 19:40 19:42 19:43 21:10 |
Lille Lille Merville Merville Merville Merville |
He 111 destroyed He 111 destroyed He 111 destroyed He 111 damaged He 111 damaged He 111 destroyed |
Claimed over Lille. In the first battle Carey's victory was over an 8./KG 54 He 111 flown by Unteroffizier Walter Zenner. He was the only member of his crew to survive. He baled out only to be attacked by French civilians. He was rescued by British Army soldiers.[70] 8./KG 54 lost six bombers. Also lost were Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader) Hauptmann Fritz Stadelmayr. Two were killed, one was captured by the British and two by the Belgians. Oberleutnant Volprecht Freiherr von Riedesel crash-landed with one killed and the other crew captured. Leutnant Alfred Jansen crash-landed near Ghent. Three were captured by the Belgians, the remaining by the British. Unteroffizier Alfred Vogel came down near Ghent with one killed and three captured by the Belgians. Unteroffizier Karl Reinhard and crew baled out and two were captured by the British.[14] KG 27 lost two He 111s—6.KG 27 lost Unteroffizier Heinz Zimmermann and crew were killed. The bomber crashed near Oudenaarde. 9./KG 27 lost Feldwebel Heinz Schmelz crashed near Lille. 6, 7, 9 and 4 Staffel suffered one damaged bomber each.[71] |
4 | 11 May 1940 | 17:30 | Lille | He 111 destroyed | Claimed over Douai. Oberleutnant Wilhelm Surbog from Stab./KG 54, was captured along with two crewman. Two crewman were killed.[72] |
5 | 12 May 1940 | South of Brussels | He 111 destroyed He 111 probably destroyed |
Claimed south of Brussels. Possibly misidentified. It may have been a Dornier Do 17 from 8./Kampfgeschwader 77 flown by Leutnant Konrad Hengsbach who crash-landed with four wounded.[73][c] | |
6–10 | 13 May 1940 | 08:00 08:10 08:10 08:10 08:20 09:10 11:30 |
Louvain Louvain Louvain Louvain unknown Louvain SE of Brussels Namur |
Ju 87 destroyed Ju 87 destroyed Ju 87 probably destroyed Ju 87 probably destroyed He 111 destroyed One Do 17 destroyed One Hs 123 destroyed One He 111 shared destroyed |
Claimed two Ju 87s from StG 2 near Louvain. Claimed a He 111 in the same combat. Claimed one Hs 123 of II.(S)./Lehrgeschwader 2 later in the morning south-east of Brussels.[76] |
11 | 14 May 1940 | 04:50 | Wavre | Do 17 destroyed | Claimed near Wavre. Carey's opponent crashed near the city. The Dornier Do 17 from of 3.(F)/11 (3 Staffel Aufklärer 11) was destroyed. Oberleutnant Kopetsch, his observer and gunner were all wounded.[77] |
9 July 1940 | 11:45 | Isle of Wight | Bf 110 damaged | Claimed off Folkestone. 43 Squadron clashed with III./ZG 26. Two Bf 110C-2s were actually shot down and it appears Carey shared in both. At 12:05 Oberleutnant Siegmund was killed and his gunner was posted missing after crashing into the sea. Carey, and Pilot Officer Lott and Miller likely assisted in its destruction. Another Bf 110C-2 crashed into the sea and two NCO airmen, names unknown, were posted missing.[78] | |
12 | 19 July 1940 | 17:15 | Selsey Bill | Bf 109 destroyed Bf 109 damaged Bf 109 damaged |
Claimed off Selsey Bill. One source records no loss for JG 27 this day and states only one Bf 109 (from III./Jagdgeschwader 51) was lost in action with No. 74 Squadron RAF.[33] Leutnant Erbo Graf von Kageneck was wounded in the battle with 43 Squadron. No mention of his damaged Bf 109 was made in German records.[33][32] |
8 August 1940 | 16:30 | Isle of Wight | Bf 109 damaged | Engaged LG 1 and JG 27 near the Isle of Wight. 43 Squadron's Pilot Officer Hallows was credited with one Bf 109 and one damaged (pilot rescued) and Dalton-Morgan was credited with another whose pilot was wounded. I.JG 27 lost six Bf 109s this day to 43, 145 and 238 Squadrons. V./LG 1 lost one Bf 110 and another five damaged in combat with 238 and 609 Squadrons.[79] 43 lost three Hurricanes; 145 lost three (and three in the morning battle) and 238 lost yet another three Hurricanes.[80] | |
12 August 1940 | 12:15 | Channel | Ju 88 probably destroyed | Claimed near Portsmouth and the Channel. Carey's victory was probably over the Ju 88A-1, flown by Oberleutnant Noelker who was killed with his crew at 12:15. Noelker belonged to II.KG 51.[81] | |
13 | 13 August 1940 | 07:00 | Uncertain Littlehampton Petworth Petworth |
One Ju 88 destroyed One Ju 88 probably destroyed Two Ju 88s damaged |
Claimed near Littlehampton and Petworth at 07:00. Ju 88s from LG 1 and KG 54 were in action on 13 August. Most were lost or damaged in the air battles at 16:00. Only Do 17s from Kampfgeschwader 2 were in action at the time of Carey's claim. All KG 2 losses have been attributed to four other squadrons.[82] However, one source indicates that Carey's claim was a Ju 88 of 4./LG 1 which was involved. The Ju 88 fell near Littlehampton. Oberleutnant Mller and Gefreiter Anders were killed, while the rest were made prisoner of war.[83] |
15 August 1940 | 18:00 | Unknown | Ju 88 shared destroyed | In the air battle eight Ju 88s from LG 1 were shot down. Five Ju 88s were credited to other squadrons. The crew of Oberleutnant Müller's Ju 88 was posted missing, the fate of the crew is unknown.[84] | |
14–15 | 16 August 1940 | ~13:00 | Selsey Bill | Two Ju 87s destroyed Two Ju 87s probably destroyed |
Five Ju 87s from I./StG 2 were lost to 43 Squadron with three damaged. A further two Ju 87s were lost to 43 Squadron from III./StG 2. Ground-fire and 602 Squadron each accounted for another Ju 87.[85] |
16 | 18 August 1940 | 14:30 | Thorney Island | Ju 87 destroyed | On this day 16 Ju 87s from I. and II./StG 77 were lost and six damaged. 43 Squadron were responsible for the destruction of four and three damaged. Hauptmann Meisel was one of 43's victims along with Oberleutnant Sailer and Oberleutnant Schäffer who were killed with their gunners. Oberleutnant Scheffel returned wounded with his gunner. 8 men were killed and five wounded against 43 Squadron. Seven were credited to 152 Squadron and five and two damaged to 602 Squadron.[86] |
20 January 1941 | Unknown | North Sea | Ju 88 damaged | ||
17 | 29 January 1942 | Unknown | Mingaladon | Ki-27 destroyed Ki-27 damaged |
Sergeant Major (Sōchō or 曹長) Nagashima of the 77th Sentai, killed.[87]
|
18 | 23 February 1942 | Ki-51 destroyed | Captain Tadao Ohhira, of the 70th Independent Chutai, was killed.[88] | ||
19 | 24 February 1942 | unknown | unknown | Ki-27 destroyed Unidentified transport destroyed |
unknown |
20–22 | 26 February 1942 | unknown | unknown | Three Ki-27s destroyed | unknown |
23 | 25 October 1942 | unknown | unknown | Ki-43 destroyed | unknown |
Notes
- ^ Brian Cull, Bruce Lander and Heinrich Weiss assert Ball died on 4 June 1940. Norman Franks, Carey's biographer states his death in captivity occurred on 6 July 1940.[18][19]
- ^ Buck's brother, Flight Lieutenant H. A Buck, died in action on 27 April 1945.
- ^ Brian Cull, Bruce Lander and Heinrich Weiss assert Carry claimed two Ju 87s and a He 111 this day. Norman Franks, Carey's biographer has used Carey's claim log which states he only claimed a He 111 destroyed and one more as a probably victory.[74][75]
References
- ^ a b Franks 2006, pp. 85–87.
- ^ a b c d Franks 2006, pp. 11–15.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 16–25, 27.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 29.
- ^ a b Norman 2002, p. 25.
- ^ Shores, Foreman and Ehrengardt 1992, p. 162.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 30.
- ^ Norman 2002, pp. 27–29.
- ^ a b Franks 2008, p. 32.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 34.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 34–37.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Holmes 1998, p. 29.
- ^ a b Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 49.
- ^ Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 51.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 46.
- ^ a b Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 110
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 48.
- ^ Bingham 1990, p. 225.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 51–52, 56.
- ^ Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, pp. 113–318.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 53–56.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 152, 155.
- ^ a b Franks 2008, p. 61.
- ^ Hough and Richards 2007. p. 51.
- ^ Parker 2000, p. 117.
- ^ Bungay 2000, pp. 61–69.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 63.
- ^ a b Bowyer 1984, p. 60.
- ^ a b c Mason 1969, p. 181.
- ^ Mason 1969 pp. 187–188.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 62.
- ^ Saunders 2010, pp. 100–112.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 213–218
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Saunders 2010, p. 122.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 230–236.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 258–262.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 266, 271, 272.
- ^ Price 2010, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 280, 282.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 75.
- ^ Bergström 2015, p. 139.
- ^ Frank 2008, pp. 77, 79.
- ^ London Gazette, 6 June 1941
- ^ Frank 2008, pp. 80–82.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 83–86.
- ^ Chung 2011, p. 249.
- ^ Shores, Cull and Izawa 2007, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Shores 2007, pp. 271–272.
- ^ Shores 2007, p. 273.
- ^ Franks 2006, p. 180.
- ^ Franks 2006 pp. 99–100.
- ^ Franks 2006, p. 101.
- ^ Franks 2006, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Frank 2006, pp. 111–114.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b c Franks 2008, pp. 121–151.
- ^ Franks 2006, pp. 149–158.
- ^ a b Franks 2006, pp. 151–158.
- ^ Franks 2006, pp. 151–170.
- ^ Evans 2016, p. 226.
- ^ Norman 2002, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Shores, Foreman and Ehrengardt 1992, p. 187.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 40.
- ^ Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 50.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 44.
- ^ Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 91.
- ^ Cull, Lander and Weiss 1999, p. 96.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 185.
- ^ Franks 2008, pp. 47, 185.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 52–53.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 155.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Mason 1969, pp. 217–218.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 235.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 241.
- ^ Bowyer 1984, p. 62.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 263.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 273.
- ^ Mason 1969, p. 282.
- ^ Franks 2008, p. 95.
- ^ Franks 2006, p. 100.
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