Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Extended-protected article
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the ongoing conflict since 2023, see
2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict and Israel–Hamas war
.

Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Part of Arab–Israeli conflict and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Israel and Lebanon (regional map)
Date15 May 1948 – present
(76 years, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Main phase: 1978–2000, 2006[4]
Location
Israel and Lebanon
Result
Belligerents

Lebanon Lebanon (until 1982)

SSNP

LCP
Amal Movement
Palestine Liberation Organization PLO (1968–1982)
 Syria (1982)

2023)[1]

2023
)
Supported by:

Iran Iran
 Syria
North Korea North Korea

Israel Israel

Free Lebanon State
(1978–1984)
SLA (1984–2000)
Lebanon Lebanon (1982–83)

Casualties and losses
1,000[5]–1,900 killed Lebanese factions
11,000 killed Palestinian factions		 1,400 killed IDF[6][7]
954–1,456 killed SLA
191+ Israeli civilians killed
5,000–8,000 Lebanese civilians killed[8]
Lebanese sources: 15,000–20,000 killed, mostly civilians[9][10]

The Israeli–Lebanese conflict, or the South Lebanon conflict,

militias and militants acting from within Lebanon. The conflict peaked in the 1980s, during the Lebanese Civil War
, and has abated since.

The

security buffer zone, held with the aid of proxy militants in the South Lebanon Army
(SLA).

In 1985,

UN designated border.[17]

Citing Israeli control of the

prisoner exchange in 2004.[18][19] The capturing of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah ignited the 2006 Lebanon War.[20] Its ceasefire
called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and the respecting of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Lebanon by Israel.

Hostilities were suspended on 8 September 2006. As of early 2023, the situation remained calm, despite both sides violating the ceasefire agreements; Israel by making near-daily flights over Lebanese territory, and Hezbollah by not disarming. But an increase in violence during the

2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict has led to fears of another war and the beginning of a conflict between milliants and Israel.[21]

Background

Main article: Israel–Lebanon relations
See also:
French Mandate of Syria
Zones of French and British influence and control imagined by the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement.

The territories of what would become the states of Israel and Lebanon were once part of the

Mandate of Syria and the British the Mandate of Palestine after the 1920 San Remo conference, in accordance with the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement
.

The largely Christian enclave of the French Mandate became the French-controlled Lebanese Republic in 1926. Lebanon became independent in 1943 as France was under German occupation, though French troops did not completely withdraw until 1946.

The rise of

1947 UN Partition Plan,[24]
to attempt to give both Arabs and Jews their own states from the remains of the British Mandate; however, this was rejected by the Arabs, and the situation quickly devolved into a full-fledged civil war.

History

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Main articles: 1948 Arab–Israeli War and 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

In 1948, the Lebanese army had by far the smallest regional army, consisting of only 3,500 soldiers.[25] At the prompting of Arab leaders in the region, Lebanon agreed to join the other armies that were being assembled around the perimeter of the British Mandate territory of Palestine for the purpose of invading Palestine.[citation needed] Lebanon committed 1,000 of these soldiers to the cause. The Arab armies waited for the end of the Mandate and the withdrawal of British forces, which was set for 15 May 1948.

Israel

South Lebanon. Israel signed armistice agreements with each of its invading neighbors. The armistice with Lebanon was signed on 23 March 1949.[26]
As part of the agreement with Lebanon, Israeli forces withdrew to the international border.

By the conclusion of that war, Israel had signed

United Nations Partition Plan
, incorporating much of what had been promised to the Palestinian Arabs under the Plan. However, it was understood by all the state parties at the time that the armistice agreements were not peace treaties with Israel, nor the final resolution of the conflict between them, including the borders.

After the war, the United Nations estimated 711,000

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.[31]

With the exception of two camps in the

Muslim.[31] Lebanese Christians feared that the Muslim influx would affect their political dominance and their assumed demographic majority.[31] Accordingly, they imposed restrictions on the status of the Palestinian refugees. The refugees could not work, travel, or engage in political activities. Initially the refugees were too impoverished to develop a leadership capable of representing their concerns.[31] Less democratic regimes also feared the threat the refugees posed to their own rule, but Lebanon would prove too weak to maintain a crackdown.[11]

The

Palestinian refugees who had left Israel in 1948.[11][12]

War over water and the Six-Day War (1964–1967)

Main articles:
War over Water (Jordan river) and Six-Day War

Despite sharing in the ongoing border tensions over water,[32] Lebanon rejected calls by other Arab governments to participate in the 1967 Six-Day War.[33] Militarily weak in the south, Lebanon could not afford conflict with Israel.[33]

Nevertheless, the loss of additional territory radicalized the Palestinians languishing in refugee camps hoping to return home.

guerrilla activity.[11]

Rise of the PLO militants (1968–1975)

Main articles:
Black September in Jordan and Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon

The PLO, from its inception in 1964 by

Israeli Defense Forces
(IDF) to strike in return, instigating the long and still unresolved struggle between the PLO and the IDF.

From 1968 onwards, the

Beirut International Airport in retaliation, destroying 13 civilian aircraft.[11]

The unarmed citizenry could not expel the armed foreigners, while the Lebanese army was too weak militarily and politically.[34] The Palestinian camps came under Palestinian control after a series of clashes in 1968 and 1969 between the Lebanese military and the emerging Palestinian guerrilla forces.[31] In 1969 the Cairo Agreement guaranteed refugees the right to work, to form self-governing committees, and to engage in armed struggle.[31] "The Palestinian resistance movement assumed daily management of the refugee camps, providing security as well as a wide variety of health, educational, and social services."[31]

On 8 May 1970, a PLO faction, called the

Avivim school bus massacre
.

In 1970, the PLO attempted to overthrow a reigning monarch, King

Black September, the PLO leadership and their troops fled from Jordan[35] to Syria
and finally Lebanon, where cross-border violence increased.

With headquarters now in

displaced persons lived in Lebanon.[37]

In reaction to the 1972

Operation Spring of Youth. Members of Israel's elite Special Forces landed by boat in Lebanon on 9 April 1973, and with the aid of Israeli intelligence
agents, infiltrated the PLO headquarters in Beirut and assassinated several members of its leadership.

In 1974 the PLO altered its focus to include political elements, necessary for a dialogue with Israel. Those who insisted on a military solution left to form the

Yassir Arafat took over the PLO leadership role.[38]

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, which split from the PLO in 1974, carried out the Kiryat Shmona massacre in April of that year. In May 1974, the DFLP crossed again into Israel and carried out the Ma'alot massacre.

Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)

Main article: Lebanese Civil War

The

Maronite Catholics, Lebanese Muslims, Palestinian Muslims, Lebanese Druze, and other non-sectarian groups. Governmental power had been allotted among the different religious groups by the National Pact based partially on the results of the 1932 census. Changes in demographics and increased feelings of deprivation by certain ethnic groups, as well as Israeli–Palestinian clashes in the south of the county all contributed to the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War.[13]

Israeli support to Lebanese Forces

Beginning in May 1976, Israel supplied the Maronite militias, including the Lebanese Forces, led by Bachir Gemayel, with arms, tanks, and military advisers.[39][40] The border between Israel and Lebanon was at this time was nicknamed the Good Fence.

Fearing loss of commercial access to the port of Beirut, in June 1976 Syria intervened in the civil war to support the Maronite dominated government,[41] and by October had 40,000 troops stationed within Lebanon.

Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1976:
Dark Green – controlled by Syria:
Purple – controlled by Maronite groups;
Light Green – controlled by Palestinian militias

Operation Litani

Main articles:
Operation Litani and South Lebanon Army

On 11 March 1978, eleven PLO militants made a beach landing 30 km. south of

Haifa, Israel, where they seized a bus,[42] full of people, killing those on board in what is known as the Coastal Road massacre. By the end of the incident, nine hijackers[43] and 38 Israeli civilians (including 13 children) were dead.[42]

In response, on 14 March 1978, Israel launched

South Lebanese Army (SLA).[42] However, the PLO concluded from the name of the operation that the invasion would halt at the Litani River and moved their forces north, leaving behind a token force of a few hundred men.[45] As a result, the casualties were almost all civilians.[45]

On 19 March 1978, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 425, which called for Israel's immediate withdrawal and the establishment of a United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.[46] When Israel forces withdrew later in 1978, they turned over its positions in Lebanon to the South Lebanon Army which would continue fighting as a proxy for Israel against the PLO until Israel drove the PLO out of Lebanon in 1982.

On 22 April 1979,

Palestine Liberation Front, a sometimes faction of the PLO, landed in Nahariya, Israel from Tyre, Lebanon
by boat. After killing a police officer who had discovered their presence, they took a father and his daughter hostage in an apartment building. After fleeing with the hostages from police back to the beach, a shootout killed one policeman and two of the militants. Kuntar then executed the hostages before he and the remaining invader were captured.

In April 1981, the United States brokered a cease-fire in southern Lebanon among Israel, Syria and the PLO.

1982 Lebanon war and aftermath

See also:
1982 Lebanon war
Israeli troops in the Lebanese port city of Sidon, August 1982

The

1982 Lebanon war began on 6 June 1982,[47] when Israel invaded again for the purpose of attacking the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Israeli army laid siege to Beirut. During the conflict, according to Lebanese sources, between 15,000 and 20,000 people were killed, mostly civilians.[9][10] According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians were killed.[8] Fighting also occurred between Israel and Syria. The United States, fearing a widening conflict and the prestige the siege was giving PLO leader Yasser Arafat, got all sides to agree to a cease-fire and terms for the PLO's withdrawal on 12 August. The Multinational Force in Lebanon arrived to keep the peace and ensure PLO withdrawal. The PLO leadership retreated from Beirut on 30 August 1982 and moved to Tunisia
.

The

president-elect, but when he was assassinated on 14 September 1982, Israel reoccupied West Beirut. In parallel, Maronite militia Kataeb Party carried out the Sabra and Shatila massacre
.

1983 Israeli-Lebanese accords and their collapse

Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1983: Green – controlled by Syria, purple – controlled by Christian groups, yellow – controlled by Israel, blue – controlled by the UN

In 1983, the United States brokered the

Awali River,[49] Lebanese factions clashed for control of the freed territory.[50]

In February 1984, the Lebanese Army collapsed, with many units forming their own militias. Shia and Druze militias took over much of Beirut in early 1984 and consolidated power. The National Assembly of Lebanon, under pressure from Syria and Muslim militias, cancelled the 17 May Agreement on 5 March 1984.[50]

On 15 January 1985, Israel adopted a phased withdrawal plan, finally retreating to the

South Lebanese Army militia to help control it.[citation needed
]

SLA conflict with Hezbollah (February 1985 – May 2000)

Consolidation of Hezbollah

Blue Line, UNIFIL zone, and Litani River
(2006).
See also: Hezbollah, Operation Accountability, Operation Grapes of Wrath, South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000), and Hezbollah–Israel conflict

On 16 February 1985,

Shia Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin declared a manifesto[16] in Lebanon, announcing a resistance movement called Hezbollah, whose goals included combating the Israeli occupation. During the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) the Hezbollah militia waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon and their South Lebanon Army proxies. "Throughout the period of 1985–92, there were very few limited exchanges between Israeli and Hezbollah or Amal forces in southern Lebanon", and "with the exception of 1988, during which twenty-one Israeli soldiers were killed, the number of Israeli fatalities per year over this period was in the single-digit figure".[52]

By the end of 1990, the

National Assembly of Lebanon passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment, and in May 1991, the militias—with the important exceptions of Hezbollah and the SLA—were dissolved, and the Lebanese Armed Forces
began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.

Security belt conflict

From 1985 through 2000, Israel continued to fund the South Lebanon Army. In 1992, Hezbollah won ten out of 128 seats in the Lebanese National Assembly.

On 25 July 1993, Israel launched

Security Council called on Israel to withdraw its occupying forces from Lebanese territory. A truce agreement brokered by the US secured an Israeli undertaking to stop attacks north of its security zone in Lebanon, and a Hezbollah agreement to desist from firing rockets into Israel.[53]

On 11 April 1996, Israel initiated

Israeli-Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding[54] in which both Hezbollah and Israel agreed to, respect the "rules of the game" and forgo attacks on civilians.[53]

In January 2000, Hezbollah assassinated the man responsible for day to day SLA operations, Colonel Akel Hashem.[55][56] The Israeli Air Force, in apparent response, on 7 February struck Lebanon's civilian infrastructure, including power stations at Baalbek, Deir Nbouh and Jambour. Eighteen people were reported to have been injured.[57]

Following its declaration of intent to implement

Liberation Day
, as a national holiday.

Border clashes and assassinations (September 2000 – July 2006)

Main articles: List of Arab–Israeli prisoner exchanges and 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict

In May 2004, Hezbollah militiamen killed an Israeli soldier along the border within the Israeli held Shebaa Farms.

Between July and August 2004, there was a period of more intense border conflict. Hezbollah said the clash began when Israeli forces shelled its positions, while Israel said that Hezbollah had started the fighting with a sniper attack on a border outpost.

On 2 September 2004, Resolution 1559 was approved by the United Nations Security council, calling for the disbanding of all Lebanese militia. An armed Hezbollah was seen by the Israeli government as a contravention of the resolution.[62] The Lebanese government differed from this interpretation.[63][64]

Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon in April 2005.[65]

On 26 May 2006, a car bomb killed

Fuad Saniora called Israel the prime suspect, but Israel denied involvement.[66]
On 28 May 2006, rockets were fired from Lebanon into Israel.

On 10 June 2006, the Lebanese army arrested members of an alleged Israeli spy ring, including

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, in 2002.[69] Former Lebanese Minister Walid Jumblatt, an outspoken critic of Hezbollah, suspected that the exposure of the spy ring was a Hezbollah fabrication.[67]

2006 Lebanon War

Main article: 2006 Lebanon War
Destroyed buildings in Beirut in 2006

On 12 July 2006, in an incident known as

Zar'it-Shtula incident, the Hezbollah initiated diversionary rocket attacks on Israeli military positions near the coast and near the Israeli border village of Zar'it,[20] while another Hezbollah group crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three Israeli soldiers and seizing two.[70][71]

Hezbollah promptly demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel, including Samir Kuntar and an alleged surviving perpetrator of the Coastal Road massacre, in exchange for the release of the captured soldiers.[72]

Heavy fire between the sides was exchanged across the length of the

Blue Line, with Hezbollah targeting IDF positions near Israeli towns.[20]

Thus began the 2006 Lebanon War. Israel responded with massive airstrikes and artillery fire on targets throughout Lebanon, an air and naval blockade, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon. In Lebanon the conflict killed over 1,100 people, including combatants,[73][74][75][76][77][78] severely damaged infrastructure, and displaced about one million people. Israel suffered 42 civilian deaths as a result of prolonged rocket attacks being launched into northern Israel causing the displacement of half a million Israelis.[79] Normal life across much of Lebanon and northern Israel was disrupted, in addition to the deaths in combat.

A United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006. The blockade was lifted on 8 September.[80]

Isolated incidents (August 2006–October 2023)

Israel–Lebanese military border incidents

  • On 7 February 2007, there was an exchange of gunfire near Avivim between the Lebanese Armed Forces and the Israel Defense Forces, culminating in the firing of two IDF tank shells over the border. There were no injuries on either side.[81] The UN Secretary-General stated it was first armed incident since the end of the last war and that the first fire was by the Lebanese army without any provocation since the IDF was operating inside Israeli territory.[82]
  • On 3 August 2010, IDF forces clashed with the Lebanese army. The clash began when the Lebanese army attacked an IDF post with sniper fire, killing an Israeli officer and wounding another. IDF troops at the scene returned fire, and Israel retaliated with air and artillery strikes at Lebanese army positions, killing two Lebanese soldiers and wounding five. A Lebanese journalist was also killed, and one was wounded. The Lebanese claimed they were responding to an Israeli violation of their sovereignty when Israeli troops crossed the border and began cutting down a tree that was in Lebanese territory. The Israelis denied violating Lebanese sovereignty and claimed the tree was in their territory. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) confirmed Israel's position, adding that Israel had informed them of the border work beforehand.[83][84][85]
  • On 1 August 2011, Israeli soldiers and Lebanese soldiers exchanged fire. At first it was reported that a Lebanese soldier was killed, but UNIFIL later said no one was killed. UNIFIL findings showed that Israeli troops had not crossed the border, and there was no cause for the clash.[86][87]
  • On 16 December 2013, a Lebanese soldier, acting without orders, fired at a civilian vehicle being driven by an Israeli naval officer along the border, killing him. The soldier then fled the scene and turned himself in to Lebanese authorities. Shortly afterward, IDF troops operating on the Israeli side of the border in the area where the officer was killed fired at what an IDF spokeswoman called "suspicious movement" on the Lebanese side of the border, hitting two Lebanese soldiers.[88]

Israel–Hezbollah border clashes

Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel

Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon

Aerial activity

  • On 6 October 2012, a
    UAV allegedly operated by Hezbollah from Lebanon was shot down by the Israeli Air Force near Yatir Forest.[123]
  • On 11 July 2015, an Israeli Hermes 450 drone crashed near Tripoli port, the drone was located 8 meters below the waterline and was retrieved by the Lebanese Army.[124][125]
  • On 31 March 2018, an Israeli Hermes 450 drone crashed due to a technical failure. An additional Israeli drone bombed the crashed drone. The Lebanese Army issued a statement saying that the crashed drone was found to be equipped with four unexploded ordnance. A technical unit of the Lebanese Army detonated it.[126]
  • On 31 October 2019, an Israeli drone was targeted by anti aircraft missile fired by Hezbollah in Southern Lebanon, officials in both countries said. According to Hezbollah the drone was shot down, a claim denied by Israel.[127]
  • On 26 July 2020, an Israeli drone crashed in Lebanon amid fears of an escalation with Hezbollah.[128]
  • On 22 August 2020, Hezbollah said it shot down an Israeli drone in Ayta ash Shab Southern Lebanon. Later the IDF acknowledged that a drone was lost and fell in Hezbollah hands.[129]
  • On 18 February 2022, Israel's
    military drone from Lebanon that penetrated seventy kilometers into Israeli airspace. The drone flew for forty minutes before returning to Lebanon. Israeli jets fly at very low altitude over Beirut in response to the incident.[130][131]
  • On 7 April 2023, the Israeli Air Force struck targets in Tyre, Lebanon in response to the 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings.[132]

Other incidents

  • On 4 December 2013, a Hezbollah Commander, Hassan al-Laqqis was assassinated in Beirut. Israel denied any involvement.[133]
  • On 5 September 2014, the official Lebanese news agency reported that an Israeli surveillance device was detonated in the area of the village of Aadloun, in the Sidon area. According to the report, the device was planted in the garden and Hezbollah was the one who detonated it, with increased security measures in the background. On the Lebanese news website "Al-Nashra", however, it was claimed that an Israeli drone had detonated the device after it was discovered. Hezbollah-affiliated channels Al Mayadeen and Al-Manar claimed that a surveillance aircraft detonated the device from a distance.[134]
  • On 6 April 2023, dozens of rockets were fired from Lebanon into Israel, wounding 3 Israeli civilians.[135]

Border Conflict (October 2023-present)

Main articles:
2023 Israel–Hamas war
2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict

On 8 October 2023, Hezbollah launched guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli-occupied positions in Shebaa Farms during the

militants[a], and Israel on the border.[136][137][138]

On 2 January, Israel conducted an airstrike in the
the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri, the deputy chairman of the Hamas political bureau.[139]

Issues during the conflict

Israeli incursions into Lebanon

Since the civil war, Israel has routinely breached Lebanese airspace, waters, and borders, which is illegal since it violates Lebanon's territory and United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 and 1701.[140][141][142]

The most frequent breaches are overflights by Israeli war planes and drones; such violations have occurred since the inception of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and have happened continuously and almost daily since the

sonic booms that frighten civilians.[144][145]

In 2007 the Lebanese government complained that Israeli planes had flown into Lebanese airspace 290 times within four months, and that Israeli troops had crossed the border 52 times.[146]

In 2006 French Defense Minister

Michele Alliot-Marie stated: "I remind that the violations of the airspace are extremely dangerous, they are dangerous first because they may be felt as hostile by forces of the coalition that could be brought to retaliate in cases of self defense and it would be a very serious incident."[147] US officials on visit in Israel also demanded that Israel stop the overflights since they undermined the standing of Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.[148]

On 19 August 2010, the Lebanese military reported that 12 aircraft belonging to the IDF entered into Lebanese territory, which they claim is a violation of

Resolution 1701. In the three incidents, the IDF planes made circle maneuvers, fired no shots and left Lebanese airspace soon after.[149]

The

UN has continuously protested the repeated Israeli overflights.[150][151] Lebanese officials fear the escalation in overflights heighten tensions and could lead to war.[152][153]

Israel rejects such criticism, and claim the overflights are necessary.[154][155] In spite of this, a leaked US cable shows that Israel offered to stop such violations.[156]

On land, the

Blue Line is often crossed,[157] as well as incursions into the Shebaa Farms (which Israel considers Israeli territory as part of Golan Heights, which it captured from Syria in 1967, but which Lebanon claims is Lebanese territory).[158] The 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash was also performed on the basis of claims of such violations.[159]

At sea, Israeli gunboats have shot into Lebanese territorial waters, and there have been Lebanese claims that Israel is breaching the law of the sea and might lay claim on Lebanese natural resources through the Tamar gas field.[160][161][162][163]

Hezbollah uses such violations as justification for the legitimacy of their continued armed resistance against Israel.[164]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The list of groups includes Hezbollah, the Amal Movement, the Lebanese Resistance Brigades, Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

References

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