List of genocides

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This list of genocides includes estimates of all deaths which were directly or indirectly caused by

list of genocides, ethnic cleansing and related mass persecution is available. Genocides in history
includes cases where there is less consensus among scholars as to whether they constituted genocide.

Definition

Main article: Genocide definitions

Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature. The United Nations Genocide Convention, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[2]

List of genocides

The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides.

List of genocides in reverse chronological order
Event Location Period Estimated killings
From To Lowest Highest
Description Proportion of group killed
Rohingya genocide Rakhine State, Myanmar 2016 Present 9,000–13,700[3] 43,000[4]
The Rohingya genocide[5][6][7][8] is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.[9]

The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp,[10] while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.[11]

Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.
Iraqi Turkmen genocide Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq 2014 2017 3,500 8,400
The Iraqi Turkmen genocide refers to a series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.[12] It began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen land in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,[13][14] and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the United Nations.[15][16]
Yazidi genocide Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria 2014 2017 2,100[17] 5,000[18]
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the
2007 Yazidi communities bombings
 By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.[25][26]
Darfur genocide Darfur, Sudan 2003 Present 98,000[27] 500,000[28]
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic
ongoing war in Sudan in Darfur.[29] The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide.[30] An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.[31] These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.[29]
Effacer le tableau North Kivu, DR Congo 2002 2003 60,000[32][33] 70,000[32]
Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.[33][34] 40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed[N 1]
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War Kivu, Zaire 1996 1997 200,000[35] 233,000[35]
During the
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo).[36][37] Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.[38]
As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.[36]
Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 491,000[39] 800,000[40]
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.[41][39][42] During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.[42][43][44] The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.[40] 60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed[39]
7% of Rwanda's total population killed[39]
Bosnian genocide Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 1995 31,107[45] 62,013[45]
The Bosnian genocide comprised localised massacres, including those in
ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[47] during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[48] On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologising to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").[49]
 More than 3% of the
Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.[50]
Isaaq genocide Somaliland, Somalia 1987 1989 50,000[51][52][53][54] 200,000[55]
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[56][57][58] This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 percent destroyed)[59] and Burao (70 percent destroyed) respectively,[60] and had caused 400,000[61][62] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,[63] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[61][64]
In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,[56] specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.[56]
Anfal campaign Kurdistan Region, Iraq 1986 1989 50,000[65] 182,000[66]
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds[67] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.[68] The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[69] A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.[70][71][72]
Gukurahundi Matabeleland, Zimbabwe 1983 1987 8,000[73] 300,000[74]
The Gukurahundi, was the systematic massacre of the
re-education camps
.
Sabra and Shatila massacre Beirut, Lebanon 1982 460[77] 3,500[78]
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp.[79][80][81][82] Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,[83][84] a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre.[85] Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.[86]
Cambodian genocide Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) 1975 1979 1,386,734[87][88] 3,000,000[89][90]
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the
forced labor, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant.[92][93] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.[94][95] The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.[96][97]
 15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed,
Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer
, 16% of Rural Khmer
East Timor genocide
East Timor
, Indonesia 		1974 1999 85,320[100] 196,720[101]
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state sponsored terror by the
Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.[102][103] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[104]
 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Genocide of Acholi and Lango people Uganda 1972 1978 100,000[105] 300,000[105]
After Idi Amin overthrow the regime of Milton Obote in 1971, he declared the Acholi and Lango tribes enemies, as Obote was a Lango and he saw the fact that they dominated the army as a threat.[105]
In January 1972, Amin issued an order to the Ugandan army ordering that they assemble and kill all Acholi or Lango soldiers, and then commanded that all Acholi and Lango be rounded up and confined within army barracks, where they were either slaughtered by the soldiers or killed when the Ugandan air force bombed the barracks.[105]
Ikiza Burundi 1972 80,000[106][107] 300,000[108]
The Ikiza was a series of mass killings which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. The International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996 concluded that the Ikiza was a genocide.[109] As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[108]
Bangladesh genocide East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 300,000[110] 3,000,000[111][112]
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of
Razakars.[114][115] It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.[116]
 2%[citation needed] to 4% of the population of East Pakistan[117]
Zanzibar genocide
 Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania) 1964 13,000[118] 20,000+[119]
In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the island’s majority Black African population.[120] Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and more than 20,000.[118][119] 25% or more of the Arab population (50,000 people) of Zanzibar were killed by the end of 1964.[118]
Guatemalan genocide Guatemala 1962 1996 166,000[121] 166,000[122]
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of
forced disappearances and other human rights violations.[128] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.[129]
 40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed[citation needed]
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush Soviet Union 1944 1948 100,000[130] 400,000[131]
The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, or Ardakhar Genocide, was the Soviet
Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union between the 1930s and the 1950s.[132][133][134][135] The European Parliament officially recognised the deportations as genocide in 2004.[136][137]
 23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population killed[138][132][133][134][139]
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars Crimea, Soviet Union 1944 34,000[140] 195,471[141]
The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the
Communist Party members and Red Army members, to the Uzbek SSR, several thousand kilometres away. Multiple scholars have recognised the deportation as a genocide.[142][143]
 The deportation and following exile reduced the Crimean Tatar population by between 18%[140] and 46%.[144][N 2]
The Holocaust Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe 1941 1945 5,100,000[146] 7,000,000[147][148]
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[149][150][151] and nearly one and half million in just 100 days from late July to early November,[152] The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps.[153] Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.[154][155] Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[156][157]
German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs[158][159] (part of the Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan) German-occupied Europe 1941 1945 3,300,000[160] 3,500,000[161]
During
prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and working to death Soviet POWs, was grounded in Nazi racial theory, which depicted Slavs as sub-humans (Untermenschen).[162][159]
Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
 Independent State of Croatia
(now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) 		1941 1945 248,000[163][164][165][N 3] 548,000[163][165][164][N 3]
Genocide of
Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps
for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Yugoslavia
 1941 1945 50,000[166] 68,000[166]
The
Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and their supporters.[167][168][169][170] The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs.[171][172]
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation[173][174] (part of the Generalplan Ost) German-occupied Europe 1939 1945 1,800,000[175] 3,000,000[176][177]
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by
occupation of Poland in World War II,[179] included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles.[a] These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen
. 		From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population.[177] In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).[175]
Polish Operation of the NKVD Soviet Union 1937 1938 111,091[181] 250,000[182]
The Polish Operation of the NKVD in 1937–1938 was an anti-Polish mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo of the Communist Party against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to all Poles. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 Poles living in or near the Soviet Union.[183] Multiple historians have published opinions describing the operation as genocidal.[184][185][186][187] 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)[188]
Parsley massacre Dominican Republic 1937 12,000 40,000[189]
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country[190]: 161  carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.[191] Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island;[192] the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.[193] Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed. As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.[194]
Romani Holocaust German-occupied Europe 1939[195] 1945 130,000[196] 1,500,000[197][198]
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by
the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.[200][201]
 25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed
Holodomor Ukraine and the northern Kuban,[202] Soviet Union 1932 1933 3,000,000[203] 5,000,000[203]
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.
While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made,[204] whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.[205][206] 		10% of Ukraine's population[185]
Over 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan[207]
Libyan genocide Italian Libya 1929 1932 83,000[208] 125,000+[209]
The Libyan genocide was the
Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture, particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934.[210] During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini
. 		25% of
Cyrenaican population[211]
Half of the nomadic Bedouin population[212]
Osage Indian murders Oklahoma, United States 1918 1931 60[213] 200+[214]
The Osage Indian murders was a plot by William King Hale and others to kill full-blood Osage to gain the mineral rights for their reservation. The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation.[215][216][217][218][219] Estimates vary widely, with 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed with the lowest estimate.[220]
Armenian genocide Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq) 1915 1917 600,000[221] 1,500,000[222]
The
Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.[225][226]
 Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.[227] The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.[228]
Sayfo Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq) 1915 1919 200,000[229] 750,000[230]
Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 percent of the original population.[231]
Greek genocide and Pontic genocide Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) 1914 1922 300,000[232] 900,000[233]
For the Greek genocide other sources give 500,000–1,200,000 casualties between
Greek Orthodox
cultural, historical and religious monuments. 		At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed [citation needed]
Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars Scutari, Kosovo, and Manastir vilayets, Ottoman Empire 1912 1913 120,000[234][235] 270,000[236]
Herero and Nama genocide German South West Africa (now Namibia) 1904 1908 34,000[237] 110,000[238][239]
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century. 60% (24,000 out of 40,000[237]) to 81.25% (65,000[240][241] out of 80,000[242]) of total Herero and 50%[237] of Nama population killed.
Armenian massacres of 1894–1896 Six Vilayets, Ottoman Empire 1894 1896 200,000[243] 300,000[243]
The Hamidian massacres (
telegraph
could spread news around the world, and the massacres received extensive coverage in the media of Western Europe and North America.
Selk'nam genocide Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina 1880 1910 2,500[249] 4,000[250]
The Selk'nam Genocide was the genocide of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. Spanning a period of between ten and fifteen years the Selk'nam, which had an estimated population of between three and four thousand, saw their numbers reduced to 500.[249] 84%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.[251][252]
Putumayo genocide Present-day Putumayo Department, Colombia 1879 1913 32,000[253] 40,000+[254][255]
Members of the Huitoto, Andoques, Yaguas, Ocaina and Boras groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract latex.[256] During this time period, several tribes became extinct.[257] 80–86% of the total population in the Putumayo region perished during the Amazon rubber boom.[258][N 4]
Circassian genocide Circassia, Russian Empire 1864[N 5] 1867 1,000,000[260] 2,000,000[261][262]
The Circassian genocide refers to the ethnic cleansing, massive annihilation,
tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognise "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide."[265] In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and of Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from Moscow. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the United States, Belgium, Canada and Germany have sent the president of the European Parliament a letter with the request to recognise the genocide against Adygean (Circassian) people.[266]
Following a consultation with academics, human rights activists and Circassian diaspora groups and parliamentary discussions in Tbilisi in 2010 and 2011, Georgia became the first country to use the word "genocide" to refer to the events.[267][268][269] On 20 May 2011 the parliament of the Republic of Georgia declared in its resolution[270] that the mass annihilation of the Cherkess (Adyghe) people during the Russian-Caucasian war and thereafter constituted genocide
as defined in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the UN Convention of 1948. 		95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia.[271][272] Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.[273]
California genocide California, United States 1846 1873 9,492–16,094[274][275][N 6] 120,000[275][N 7]
The California genocide
general massacres perpetrated by settlers chasing the gold rush against Indians like the Bloodsland massacre, or Klamath River "War of Extermination"[277] along with the overall decline of the Indian population of California
due to disease and starvation exacerbated by the massacres.
Amerindian
population in California declined by 80% during the period
Queensland Aboriginal genocide Queensland 1840 1897 10,000[278] 65,180[279]
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.[280] Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.[281][282][283][278] 3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed
(10,000[278] to 65,180[279] killed out of 125,600)[clarification needed]
Moriori genocide Chatham Islands, New Zealand 1835 1863 1,900[284][285] 1,900
The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands by Maori from New Zealand left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.[286] 95% of the
invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi.[287][288] All were enslaved and many were cannibalised.[289] The Moriori language is now extinct.[286][290]
Massacre of Salsipuedes Uruguay 1831 40[291] 40
[292][293]
Trail of Tears Southeastern United States 1830 1850 12,000[294] 16,000[294]
The Trail of Tears was the
United States government.[295] A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself,[N 8] or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.[302][N 9]
 Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at Trail of Tears § Statistics.
Black War (Genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians) Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 1825 1832 400 [317] 1,000 [317]
The extinction of
Rafael Lemkin[318] (coiner of the word genocide) among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide.[319] Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars
. 		~100%[319]
1804 Haiti massacre
 Haiti 1804 3,000[320] 5,000[320]
The 1804 Haiti massacre is considered to be a genocide by many scholars,
tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.[323][324]
Dzungar genocide Dzungaria, Qing dynasty China 1755 1758 480,000[325] 600,000[325]
The
Peter Perdue has shown that the extermination of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[325] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[325] Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".[332]
 80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
Taíno genocide Hispaniola 1492 1514 68,000[333] 968,000[333]
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of
University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the encomienda as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths."[335] Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola.[333] Andrés Reséndez argues that even though the Spanish were aware of the spread of smallpox, they made no mention of it until 1519, a quarter century after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.[336] Instead he contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly[337][336] and that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for the constant enslavement they were subject to.[336] According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labor in the mines.[338]
 68% to over 96% of the Taíno population perished under Spanish rule.[333]
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide) Languedoc (now France) 1209 1229 200,000[339] 1,000,000[340]
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by
heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated.[341] Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[342] Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."[343]

See also

Main article:
Outline of Genocide studies

Political extermination campaigns

Notes

  1. ^ Eastern Pygmy population was reduced to 90,000 after a campaign that killed 60,000[32] implying a 40% decline
  2. ^ Unlike other deported peoples who were acknowledged to be distinct ethnic groups and given their national republics back under Khrushchev, the Crimean Tatars were not given the right of return for decades, and in addition were stripped of recognition as a distinct ethnic group as part of a wider campaign pushing for their assimilation in the Fergana valley.[145]
  3. ^ a b Total number of Serbs, Jews and Roma killed. Excluding the Jews sent to the German extermination camps.
  4. ^ Roger Casement reported that a population officially placed at 50,000 had dropped to 7,000 at the lowest estimation, and 10,000 remaining natives with the highest estimation by the time investigations were sent to the Putumayo.[259]
  5. ^ Although ethnic cleansings and massacres began in the early 1800s, particularly under the command of the Tsarist Russian general Grigory Zass, the mass deportations, mass murders and extermination operations — where most deaths occurred — started in 1864.
  6. ^ Only the range of deaths caused by massacred
  7. ^ The total population decline of the period overall
  8. ^
    • Genocide education scholar Thomas Keefe – "The preparation (Stage 7) for genocide, specifically the transfer of population that "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part" as stated in Article II of the UNCPPCG is clear in the Trail of Tears and other deportations of Native American populations from land seized for the benefit of European-American populations."[296]
    • Muscogee Nation Historic and Cultural Preservation Manager Rae Lynn Butler – "really was about extinguishing a race of people"; Archivist at the Cherokee Heritage Center Jerrid Miller – "The Trail of Tears was outright genocide".[297]
    • Sociologist and historian Vahakn Dadrian lists the expulsion of the Cherokee as an example of utilitarian genocide, stating "the expulsion and decimation of the Cherokee Indians from the territories of the State of Georgia is symbolic of the pattern of perpetration inflicted upon the American Indian by Whites in North America."[298]
    • Genocide scholar Adam Jones – "Forced relocations of Indian populations often took the form of genocidal death marches, most infamously the "Trails of Tears" of the Cherokee and Navajo nations, which killed between 20 and 40 percent of the targeted populations en route. The barren "tribal reservations" to which survivors were consigned exacted their own grievous toll through malnutrition and disease."[299]
    • Cherokee politician Bill John Baker – "this ruthless [Indian Removal Act] policy subjected 46,000 Indians—to a forced migration under punishing conditions […] amounted to genocide, the ethnic cleansing of men, women and children, motivated by racial hatred and greed, and carried out through sadism and violence."[300]
    • Sociologist James V. Fenelon and historian Clifford E. Trafzer – "Instead the national government and its leaders have offered a systemic denial of genocide, the occurrence of which would be contrary to the principles of a democratic and just society. "Denial of massive death counts is common among those whose forefathers were the perpetrators of the genocide" (Stannard, 1992, p. 152) with motives of protecting "the moral reputations of those people and that country responsible," including some scholars. It took 50 years of scholarly debate for the academy to recognize well-documented genocides of the Indian removals in the 1830s, including the Cherokee Trail of Tears, as with other nations of the "Five Civilized" southeastern tribes."[301]
  9. ^
    • Political scientist Michael Rogin – "To face responsibility for specific killings might have led to efforts to stop it; to avoid individual deaths turned Indian removal into a theory of genocide."[303]
    • Indigenous studies scholar Nicky Michael and historian Beverly Jean Smith – "Over one-fourth died on the forced death marches of the 1830s. By any United Nations standard, these actions can be equated with genocide and ethnic cleansing."[304]
    • Historian Jim Piecuch argues that the Trail of Tears constitutes one tool in the genocide of Native Americans over the three centuries since the beginning of colonization in north America.[305]
    • Political scientist Andrew R. Basso – "The Cherokee Trail of Tears should be understood within the context of colonial genocide in the Americas. This is yet another chapter of colonial forces acting against an indigenous group in order to secure rich and fertile lands, resources, and living spaces."[306]
    • Political scientist Barbara Harff – "One of the most enduring and abhorrent problems of the world is genocide, which is neither particular to a specific race, class, or nation, nor rooted in any one ethnocentric view of the world. […] Often democratic institutions are cited as safeguards against mass excesses. In view of the treatment of Amerindians by agents of the U.S. government, this view is unwarranted. For example, the thousands of Cherokees who died during the Trail of Tears (Cherokee Indians were forced to march in 1838-1839 from Appalachia to Oklahoma) testify that even a democratic system may tum against its people."[307]
    • Legal scholar Rennard Strickland – "There were, of course, great and tragic Indian massacres and bitter exoduses, illegal even under the laws of war. We know these acts of genocide by place names - Sand Creek, the Battle of Washita, Wounded Knee - and by their tragic poetic codes - the Trail of Tears, the Long Walk, the Cheyenne Autumn. But ... genocidal objectives have been carried out under color of law - in de Tocqueville's phrase, "legally, philanthropically, without shedding blood, and without violating a single great principle of morality in the eyes of the word." These were legally enacted policies whereby a way of life, a culture, was deliberately obliterated. As the great Indian orator Dragging Canoe concluded, "Whole Indian Nations have melted away like balls of snow in the sun leaving scarcely a name except as imperfectly recorded by their destroyers"."[308]
    • Legal scholars Christopher Turner and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond reiterate Strickland's assessment.[309]
    • Attorney Maria Conversa – "The theft of ancestral tribal lands, the genocide of tribal members, public hostility towards Native peoples, and irreversible oppression--these are the realities that every indigenous person has had to face because of colonization. By recognizing and respecting the Muscogee Creek Nation's authority to criminally sentence its own members, the United States Supreme Court could have taken a small step towards righting these wrongs."[310]
    • Historian David Stannard and ethnic studies scholar Ward Churchill have both identified the trail of tears as part of the United States history of genocidal actions against indigenous nations.[311][312]
    • Sociologist Benjamin P. Bowser, psychologist Carol O. Word, and Kate Shaw – "There was a pattern to Indian genocide. One-by-one, each Native state was defeated militarily; successive Native generations fought and were defeated as well. As settlers became more numerous and stronger militarily, Indians became fewer and weaker militarily. In one Indian nation after the other, resistance eventually collapsed due to the death toll from violence. Then, survivors were displaced from their ancestral lands, which had sustained them for generations. […] Starting in 1830, surviving Native people, mostly Cherokee, in the Eastern US were ordered by President Andrew Jackson to march up to two thousand miles and to cross the Mississippi River to settle in Oklahoma. Thousands died on the Trail of Tears. This pattern of defeat, displacement, and victimization repeated itself in the American West. From this history, Native Americans were victims of all five Lemkin specified genocidal acts."[313]
    • Sociologist and psychologist Laurence French wrote that the trail of tears was at least a campaign of cultural genocide.[314]
    • Cultural studies scholar Melissa Slocum – "Rarely is the conversation about the impact of genocide on today’s generations or the overall steps that lead to genocide. As well, most curricula in the education system, from kindergarten up through to college, does not discuss in detail American Indian genocide beyond possibly a quick one-day mention of the Cherokee Trail of Tears."[315]
    • English and literary scholar Thir Bahadur Budhathoki – "On the basis of the basic concept of genocide as propounded by Rephael Lemkin, the definitions of the UN Convention and other genocide scholars, sociological perspective of genocide-modernity nexus and the philosophical understanding of such crime as an evil in its worst possible form, the fictional representation of the entire process of Cherokee removal including its antecedents and consequences represented in these novels, is genocidal in nature. However, the American government, that mostly represents the perpetrators of the process, and the Euro-American culture of the United States considered as the mainstream culture, have not acknowledged the Native American tragedy as genocide."[316]
  1. ^ Quote: "To conclude: the Germans committed genocide against the Polish population. The very term genocide comes from the 1944 book of the Polish-Jewish jurist Raphael Lemkin, whose study of Nazi-occupied Europe focused on the German attack on the Poles. Not only did the Nazis seek ultimately to eliminate the Polish nation 'as such', but they engaged in each of the acts identified by the 1949 Genocide Convention as signifiers of the 'intent to destroy'"[180]

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  145. ISBN 978-0-8223-0758-7 – via Google Books
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  147. Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism (1st ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 430. The genocide of the Jews — according to Eichmann
's figures more than 6 million (4 million in extermination camps) had been murdered by the summer of 1944 . . . Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million. At any rate, the total number of Jews in Europe declined from 9.2 to 3.1 million.
  • ^ Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism (1st ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 430. Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million.
  • ^ Fischel 2020, p. 10.
  • ISBN 978-0-85772-843-2
    .
  • ISBN 978-1-138-36944-3
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  • ISBN 9781139034180
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  • PMID 30613773
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  • ^ "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. According to the American Jewish Yearbook, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million.
  • ISBN 978-0-8018-8358-3
    .
  • S2CID 162190846. Archived from the original
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  • ^
    ISBN 9781138823846. 'Next to the Jews in Europe,' wrote Alexander Werth', 'the biggest single German crime was undoubtedly the extermination by hunger, exposure and in other ways of ... Russian war prisoners.' Yet the murder of at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs is one of the least-known of modern genocides; there is still no full-length book on the subject in English. It also stands as one of the most intensive genocides of all time: 'a holocaust that devoured millions,' as Catherine Merridale
    acknowledges. The large majority of POWs, some 2.8 million, were killed in just eight months of 1941–42, a rate of slaughter matched (to my knowledge) only by the 1994 Rwanda genocide.
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  • ^ Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy (1989). Total War (Revised ed.). Viking Press. The total number of prisoners taken by the German armies in the USSR was in the region of 5.5 million. Of these, the astounding number of 3.5 million or more had been lost by the middle of 1944 and the assumption must be that they were either deliberately killed or done to death by criminal negligence. Nearly two million of them died in camps and close on another million disappeared while in military custody either in the USSR or in rear areas; a further quarter of a million disappeared or died in transit between the front and destinations in the rear; another 473,000 died or were killed in military custody in Germany or Poland.
  • ^ "Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020.
  • ^
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    . Although the estimates of the number of Serbs murdered by the regime vary, even the most conservative figures suggest that out of a pre-war population of 1.9 million, at least 200,000 and possibly as many as 500,000 died at the hands of Ustasha death squads, were executed, or perished in the state's concentration camps.
  • ^ a b "Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia – Croatia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  • ^ a b "The JUST Act Report: Croatia". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. In all, approximately 30,000 Jews (between 75-80 percent of the Jews within the NDH) died during the Holocaust, the majority at the hands of the Ustasha, although the NDH also transferred some 7,000 Jews to the Nazis to be deported to Auschwitz... The NDH also killed an estimated 25,000 or more Roma men, women, and children, the vast majority of the Roma population under its control.
  • ^ a b Geiger 2012.
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  • ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 379, 747.
  • ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 169.
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    . According to Polish sources, about three million ethnic Poles lost their lives during the war, or about 10 per cent of the Polish nation(...) large numbers were murdered, or died as a result of direct German actions such as denying food or medical treatment to Poles, or incarceration in concentration camps. There is no way of estimating the exact proportions, but I believe it would be difficult to deny that we have here a case of mass murder directed against Poles. German plans regarding Poles talked about denationalizing the Polish people, or in other words, making them into individuals who would no longer have any national identity(...)This is a case of genocide – a purposeful attempt toeliminate an ethnicity or a nation, accompanied by the murder of large numbers of the targeted group.
  • ^ a b "Polish Victims". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2020. It is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland.
  • ISBN 978-0-7425-4666-0 – via Google Books
    . ...and the ruthlessness of German rule in Poland, where three million gentiles also perished and the punishment for hiding a Jew was execution of captured rescuers and their immediate families.
  • ^ a b Banki & Pawlikowski 2001, p. 93: "...Along with those three million Polish Jews, three million Polish civilians were murdered as well...."
  • ^ Kulesza 2004, PDF, p. 29.
  • ^ Gushee 2012, pp. 313–314.
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  • ISBN 978-0-521-19196-8
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  • ^ Snyder, Timothy (5 October 2010). "The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2018. It is hard not to see the Soviet "Polish Operation" of 1937–38 as genocidal, as more than 100,000 innocent people were killed on the spurious grounds that theirs was a disloyal ethnicity and since Stalin spoke of "Polish filth".
  • ^ a b Ellman 2007.
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  • ^ Ellman 2007, p. 686.
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  • ^ Turtis 2002, p. 630.
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  • ^ Naimark 2010, p. 70.
  • ^ a b Naimark 2010, pp. 70, 147.
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    . Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001).
  • doi:10.21226/T2301N
    .: "Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such."
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  • ^ Ohayon 2016.
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    . To authorize the Osage terror as genocide and to connect a corner of Oklahoma to a global tribal history, she recreates the Holocaust as a site of hybridity.
  • ^ Asenap, Jason (6 November 2023). "Killers of the Flower Moon and who gets to tell an Osage story". Vox. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  • ^ Coyne, Delaney (26 October 2023). "How the Osage Nation became Catholic: The hard truths in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'". America Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
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  • ^ United States Census (1930). "Indian Population of the United States" (PDF). 1930 Federal Population Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2024. At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or full bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0%, claimed to be of full blood, but by 1930 the number of full bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3 percent.
  • ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3
    .
  • ^ Morris & Ze'evi 2019, p. 1.
  • ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3
    . Put another way – if these same events occurred today, there can be no doubt that prosecutions before the ICC of Talaat and other CUP officials for genocide, for persecution and for other crimes against humanity would succeed. Turkey would be held responsible for genocide and for persecution by the ICJ and would be required to make reparation.14 That Court would also hold Germany responsible for complicity with the genocide and persecution, since it had full knowledge of the massacres and deportations and decided not to use its power and influence over the Ottomans to stop them. But to the overarching legal question that troubles the international community today, namely whether the killings of Armenians in 1915 can properly be described as a genocide, the analysis in this chapter returns are sounding affirmative answer.
  • ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3
    . Starting from the claim by the Armenian community and the majority of historians that the 1915–1916 Armenian massacres and deportations constitute genocide as well as Turkey's fierce opposition to such a qualification, this paper investigates the possibility of identifying those massacres and deportations as the destruction of a nation. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the facts and the required mental element, the author shows that a deliberate destruction, in a substantial part, of the Armenian Christian nation as such, took place in those years. To come to this conclusion, this paper borrows the very same determinants as those used in the case-law of the Military Tribunals in occupied Germany, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in genocide cases.
  • ^ "The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2020. Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition. The CUP government systematically used an emergency military situation to effect a long-term population policy aimed at strengthening Muslim Turkish elements in Anatolia at the expense of the Christian population (primarily Armenians, but also Christian Assyrians). Ottoman, Armenian, US, British, French, German, and Austrian documents from the time reveal that the CUP leadership intentionally targeted the Armenian population of Anatolia.
  • ^ Morris & Ze'evi 2019, pp. 3–5.
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  • ISBN 978-0691184982
    .
  • ^ Travis, Hannibal (December 2006). Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I. Genocide Studies and Prevention. Vol. 1. pp. 327–371.
  • ^ "Assyrian Genocide". Lexicorient. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019.
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    . Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000...
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    . An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period.
  • ^ Geshov, Ivan Evstratiev (1919). La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique (in French) (as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912-1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army ed.). P. Haupt. p. 64. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
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    . According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania.
  • ^ Ke, Jing. "Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations" (PDF). Kosovo Public Policy Center: 83. 120,000-270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914.
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  • ^
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  • ^ Richmond 2013; Levene 2005, p. 301: "..anything between 1 and 1.5 million Circassians perished either directly, or indirectly, as a result of the Russian military campaign"; Human Rights Association 2023: "Tsarist Russia pursued a policy of total extermination in the east of the Caucasus, in Dagestan and the Chechen-Ingush region, without discriminating between women and children throughout the war. More than one million Circassians were massacred and many more were exiled from their homeland."; Genel Komite 2014
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  • ^ Richmond 2013, p. 132: "If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported."
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    • Bibliography

    Main article:
    Bibliography of Genocide studies
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_genocides&oldid=1226819471"