Operation Euphrates Shield
Operation Euphrates Shield | ||||||||||||
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Part of the military intervention against IS, and Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war | ||||||||||||
Turkish-backed opposition control SDF control Syrian Army control Islamic State control For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here. | ||||||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||||||
Islamic State |
Syrian Democratic Forces[10] Syria (minor clashes) Support: Russia | |||||||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||||||
Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı[27] (Operations chief commander) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel[28][29] (Second Army commander) Col. Ahmed Othman[30] (Sultan Murad Division commander) Fehim İsa[31] (Sultan Murad Division commander) Others
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Muhammad Ahmed[45] (Manbij Military Council commander) | |||||||||||
Units involved | ||||||||||||
Orders of battle | ||||||||||||
Strength | ||||||||||||
4,000–8,000 troops[47][48][49] Unit Strengths
| 5,000–7,000+ militants[49][55][56][57] | Unknown | ||||||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||||||
71 killed[58] 614 killed[59][60] | 2,647 killed, 417 captured (per Turkey)[61] |
131+ killed (per SOHR and SDF)[62] 30+ killed, 22 captured[63][64][65] | ||||||||||
540+ civilians killed (per SOHR) Turkey–ISIL conflict | ||||||||||||
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Operation Euphrates Shield (
The Turkish president
Background
Northern
According to an article published in The Independent, the Turkish objectives were to target ISIL, strike at the political and military power of the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and to consolidate its position in expectation of shifts towards more war or greater peace.[72] Turkey's defence minister Fikri Işık said that "preventing the Kurdish PYD party from uniting Kurdish cantons" east of Jarabulus with those further west was a priority.[73] In Ankara Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said "at 4 am this morning, operations started in the north of Syria against terror groups which constantly threaten our country".[74][75][76]
Before the operation, SDF forces including People's Defense Units (YPG) units were advancing on Jarabulus following their military victory over the Islamic State in Manbij.[77] Both Manbij and Jarabulus are west of the Euphrates River, but Turkey wanted YPG forces to move back to the east of the river after the conclusion of the SDF's Manbij operation.[78]
Turkey's action pitched its military against a force backed by its
Pro-SDF sources stated that Turkey had "an agreement with IS " to rescue it in Jarabulus from the SDF offensive.[80] According to Hürriyet Daily News this report is believed by "many" in Washington and Turkey and it could pose serious problems for Ankara.[81]
Preparations
Reportedly,[82] Turkey had prepared battle plans for the intervention more than a year prior. On 9 May 2016, a plan was reportedly proposed by the US, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar to have the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement form a "Northern Army" to gather more than 3,000 fighters for the operation. The next phase was to transfer the fighters from Idlib to northern Aleppo through the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing and the Azaz border crossing. This reportedly began on 13 May.[83] However, the plan was delayed due to doubts from U.S. officials about the capabilities of the Syrian rebel forces that Turkey had recruited to fight with its military, opposition from the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces, and the rift between Turkey and Russia that was not mended until early August 2016.[84]
On 20 August 2016, a large number of rebels and a military convoy containing more than 50 vehicles loaded with heavy and medium weapons from
The Turkey-backed rebels under the brand of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) that took part in the offensive comprised mainly Syrian Turkmen, mostly in the Syrian Turkmen Brigades.[89][90] During the offensive, FSA militants of Turkmen origin used light blue armbands, a color which is often used as a symbol of Turkic heritage; meanwhile, the rebels of Arab origin mainly used red ones.[89][91][92]
The SDF have said that
The campaign
Capture of Jarabulus by Turkish-backed forces (24 August)
Early in the morning of 24 August, Turkish forces directed intense
A few hours after the offensive's beginning, Turkish Special Forces and the Sham Legion captured their first village, Tal Katlijah, after IS fighters retreated from it to reinforce Jarabulus.[96] Some time later, the FSA captured four more villages[97] including Tel Shair, Alwaniyah and two other villages.[98][99] Hours later, Turkish- and US-backed rebels were reported to have captured the border town of Jarabulus, with IS offering little resistance.[100][101] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) also reported that the FSA had captured almost all of the city.[102] A FSA spokesman stated that a large number of IS fighters had withdrawn to al-Bab in front of the offensive.[103]
The fact that not much combat took place between Turkey or Turkish-backed Syrian rebels against IS in Jarabulus[104] and the closeness in Islamist political ideology between IS and some of the rebel groups involved, has led to accusations, both local and international, about collusion between Turkey and IS in the operation, including reports of IS fighters changing uniform.[105] In an interview published in The Independent on 9 September, an IS fighter said that "when the Turkish army entered Jarabulus, I talked to my friends who were there. Actually, Isis didn't leave Jarabulus; they just shaved off their beards."[106]
Continued advance of Turkish-backed forces against ISIL and conflict with SDF (24–25 August)
Later on 24 August, speaking in Ankara, US vice president Joe Biden appeared to support Turkey's stance vis-a-vis the Syrian Kurds and said that "the elements that were part of the Syrian Democratic Forces, the YPG that participated, that they must go back across the river" (the Euphrates).[94][107] The YPG, however, initially refused to withdraw from Manbij,[108] while the pro-SDF Jarabulus Military Council groups declared that they would not give up their hometown to the Turkish-backed rebel groups which they considered "no different from ISIS". In consequence, when Turkish-backed FSA units, among them the Sham Legion and Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, forcibly attempted to enter the SDF-held village of Amarinah south of Jarabulus, they were met with resistance. Whereas the SDF stated to have repelled the assault, the rebels stated that they had captured the village. Before clashing with the SDF, the FSA had captured half a dozen villages.[109][110][111][112]
On early 25 August, more than 20 Turkish tanks crossed into the Syrian border.
At approximately 11:00 pm local time that evening, internet censorship watchdog organization Turkey Blocks detected a nationwide social media blackout, restricting domestic and mobile services throughout Turkey.[119] Analysts concluded that the blackout measure had almost certainly been implemented to restrict online sharing of sensitive war plans, as the offensive in Syria got under way, using newly amended wartime internet "killswitch" legislation.[120]
Meanwhile, the offensive against IS continued, as both the Turkish-backed forces as well as SDF units took control of additional villages south of Jarabulus from IS.
Disputed YPG withdrawal; Turkish-backed rebels drive SDF south of the Sajur River (26–29 August)
On 26 August,
Meanwhile, the
On 28 August, according to SOHR and Aleppo24,[136] at least 20 civilians were killed and 50 wounded in Turkish artillery fire and air strikes on the village of Jeb el-Kussa, and another 28 were killed and 25 wounded in Turkish air strikes near the town of Al-Amarneh and the village of Saressat. At least four SDF fighters had also been killed and 15 injured in the Turkish bombardment of the two areas.[137][138][139] Syrian monitoring groups reported that at least 70 people were killed over the weekend (27–28 August), most of whom were civilians, in the Turkish operations. Turkish officials didn't comment on the reported civilian death toll, except to say that commanders were taking all necessary measures to protect noncombatants.[136] Turkey stated to have killed 25 PKK and YPG militants in the course of the airstrikes.[131] Turkish-backed forces then began a major attack against the SDF positions, capturing Amarna and nearby Ain al-Bayda; rebel groups also stated to have taken the villages of Qusa, Balaban, Dabisa, Jeb el-Kussa, Suraysat, Umm Routha, Maghayer and Qiratah further south, though this could not be independently confirmed.[140][141] The ANF News Agency published a video of two Turkish army tanks destroyed by SDF anti-tank missiles.[142] Meanwhile, Turkish-backed Sham Legion fighters released footage showing them torturing SDF prisoners.[143]
Some of the Syrian refugees, mainly Syrian Turkmen and Arabs who were living in the area which TFSA forces captured, returned to the Jarabulus area. Erdoğan stated that the necessary help would be given to other refugees who wished to return to their homeland[144] and Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said the YPG was committing ethnic cleansing in areas which were opposed to them.[145]
On 29 August, Ibrahim Ibrahim, head of the Rojava Media Cell, stated that local forces in Jarabulus and Manbij were being reinforced but said reports that the YPG was reinforcing Manbij was false.[146] Brett McGurk, the United States' envoy to the anti-IS coalition called the clashes between the SDF and Turkish-backed rebels a "source of deep concern". The spokesman for the Pentagon called for the YPG to pull back to the east of the river, which he stated had largely occurred. He also warned that such clashes enabled IS to find sanctuary and continue planning attacks.[147] In the course of the day, Turkish-backed forces first captured all remaining SDF positions north of the Sajur River, and then proceeded to cross it to take three more villages,[148] bringing the number of villages captured by the rebels to 21.[149]
Rebel–SDF ceasefire attempt; Rebel fighting against ISIL continued (30 August – 2 September)
On 30 August, John Thomas, a spokesman for the
Also on 30 August, SDF forces with coalition support started the
On 31 August, Turkey's officials rejected the announcement of ceasefire made by the U.S. shortly prior, saying Turkey would not accept any compromise or ceasefire between Turkey and what Turkey saw as terrorist elements.[160][161] Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım said that "operations will continue until all terrorist elements have been neutralised, until all threats to our borders, our lands and our citizens are completely over".[160] Meanwhile, IS launched a massive counterattack in the southwestern countryside of Jarabulus preceded by a suicide attack. The militants captured four villages (Kiliyeh, Arab Hasan Saghir, Al-Muhsinli, and Al-Bulduq) from both the SDF and Turkish-backed rebels. Two Turkish tanks were reportedly destroyed in the clashes.[162]
On 1 September 2016, explosive experts of the Turkish Armed Forces cleared mines from the area around Jarabulus using controlled explosions. The de-mining operation on the Syrian side of the border was visible from the Turkish border town of Karkamış. An AFP photographer nearby heard at least a dozen explosions.[163]
Turkish prime minister's spokesman said the Turkish government would treat foreign volunteers as terrorists, and Yasin Aktay, a spokesman for Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), speaking to Middle East Eye opined that when it comes to Europeans or Americans joining the YPG, they could only be considered "crusaders" or intelligence agents.[164][165] Macer Gifford, a prominent British volunteer with the YPG and leader of its medical unit was quoted as saying "only in the minds of right wing and nationalist politicians in Turkey could the volunteers ever be called terrorists"; he said that while he had no intention to fight against Turkey, he would do so if and when Turkey attacked the YPG.[166]
Later on 2 September 2016, a statement released by the Turkish military said that a total of 271 targets were hit 1195 times by the Turkish Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army while anti-IS coalition jets struck two IS targets. Also, the Turkish-backed FSA captured the Syrian village of Qundarah from IS.[167] The Turkish military also said that the Turkish Air Force destroyed three buildings used by IS in Arab Ezza and Qundarah with airstrikes.[168]
Also on 2 September, the leader of a SDF component group
Turkey enters the rebel's al-Rai front against IS (3–19 September)
On 3 September, Turkey additionally deployed tanks to the Syrian town of
On 4 September, Turkey declared that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured the last remaining IS held villages along the Turkish border, cutting off key supply lines used by the group to bring in foreign fighters, weapons and ammunition.[177][178] The SOHR confirmed that the IS no longer controlled territory along the Turkish-Syrian border after Turkish-backed rebels captured the last remaining villages under control of the group.[21]
On 5 September, nine more villages in northern Syria were cleared of IS by the Turkish-backed rebels as part of operation Euphrates Shield according to Turkish armed forces.[179] On 6 September, Turkish military reported that two Turkish soldiers were killed in a rocket attack on two tanks by IS during clashes near al-Waqf village, while five soldiers were also wounded. In addition, two Turkish-backed rebels were also killed while another two were injured.[180] One of the Turkish soldiers who was critically injured in the attack later succumbed to his injuries in a hospital.[181] The village along with the Sadvi village was reported to have been captured by the rebels on the same day.[182]
On 7 September, around 300 Syrians started to return to Jarabulus in Syria, after Turkish-backed rebels recaptured the region from IS, marking the first formal return of civilians since Turkey launched Operation Euphrates Shield.[183] Meanwhile, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Nurettin Canikli stated that Syrian Kurdish fighters still hadn't completely withdrawn to the east of Euphrates river.[184] Also according to ARA news report IS evacuated their headquarters in the city of al-Bab in Syria's Aleppo province.[185]
On 8 September, it was reported that IS would evacuate its headquarters in al-Bab, as SDF continued their advance towards the city from the west, and Turkish-backed rebels also announced readiness to fight IS in al-Bab and other areas.[186] The same day, Turkish fighter jets hit four IS targets in northern Syria as part of Euphrates Shield operation, published in a statement from the Turkish General Staff.[187] Also on the same day Turkey's foreign minister repeated the call for a no-fly zone over northern Syria to boost security and allow more refugees to return home while enabling more local troops to be trained in their fight against IS fighters.[188] However, the United States as in the years before rejected the idea of a "no-flight zone" in Syria.[189]
On 9 September, Turkish military stated that three Turkish soldiers were killed in clashes with IS near the region of Tel el-Hawa while one soldier was injured. The Turkish army also shelled 15 IS positions in the Kafr Ghan region after a rocket from the region landed near Kilis Province. The military also stated that it carried out an air operation in Tal Ali, Tel al-Hawa and south Wuquf regions which destroyed 4 buildings being used as headquarters by the militants. An IS fighter was also stated to have been killed in an air operation conducted by the anti-IS coalition.[190] On 10 September, the Turkish military stated that airstrikes conducted by it targeting 3 buildings in Tel el-Hawa resulted in the death of 20 IS fighters.[191] On 13 September, Turkish military stated that the US-led coalition conducted airstrikes targeting four mortar positions and 2 defensive positions of IS between al-Rai and Azaz. The attack resulted in the deaths of 6 militants.[192]
As of 14 September, a total of 1,900 Syrian refugees returned to the area cleansed by Turkish-backed forces, mainly to Jarabulus and Al Rai.[193]
On 15 September, Turkish Armed Forces said that it had so far destroyed 26 mines and 671 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) planted by IS in northern Syria as part of operation Euphrates Shield.[194]
On 16 September, US interference in al-Rai town caused the withdrawal of the Ahrar al-Sharqya Brigade from joining Euphrates Shield operation, the withdrawal came in protest against the US forces' interference in northern Aleppo.[195] Earlier, US troops on gun trucks, followed by a Turkish tank and trucks carrying US-allied FSA fighters, withdrew from al-Rai back into Turkey after some fighters of Ahrar al-Sharqya, a Free Syrian Army labeled rebel group, denounced them as "infidels" and "Crusaders".[196] Dozens of US forces continued to cooperate with Turkish soldiers in support of the operation.[197] Meanwhile, the Turkish military stated that 5 fighters of FSA were killed while 6 were injured in an IED attack in Tatimus region. It also stated that 5 fighters of IS were killed in airstrikes carried out by anti-IS coalition in Kunaytirah, Tatimus, Cakka and Baragidah regions.[198]
On 17 September the
IS launched a counter-attack targeting the Tal Hajjar hilltop near al-Rai on 19 September. Amaq stated that the hilltop was captured by IS.[201]
Third phase of the operation: Dabiq offensive (20 September – 17 October)
On 16 September, US special operations forces entered northern Aleppo as part of a new US mission known as "Operation Noble Lance." According to the Pentagon, they will provide training, advice and assistance to the Syrian rebels. Furthermore, the soldiers likely will also be used to call in US airstrikes in support of the rebels as they advance.[202] On the same day, the Turkish military stated that 5 fighters of FSA were killed while 6 were injured in an IED attack in Tatimus region. It also stated that 5 fighters of IS were killed in airstrikes carried out by anti-IS coalition in Kunaytirah, Tatimus, Cakka and Baragidah regions.[198]
As of 19 September Turkish forces and Turkish-backed rebels, the primary ground force being the Turkmen group Sultan Murad Division, took control of five new villages in the biggest advance of the third phase, making the total number of villages taken in this phase 10.[203]
After Turkish Free Syrian Army(TFSA) units had captured a few villages from IS,[204] By 23 September IS had recaptured more than 20 villages from the rebels.[205]
Due to the rebel losses, the offensive was halted and the third phase of the Turkish operation was put on hold.
In the immediate aftermath of the aborted offensive towards al-Bab, the TFSA and Turkey launched a new offensive towards the IS-held town of Dabiq. On 1 October, the Turkish Parliament extended the military operation's mandate for another year.[209] The next day, Turkish-backed opposition forces started advancing; Turkmen villages Boztepe (Tallat al-Baydah), Türkmenbarı and Hurdanah were taken over by Turkish-backed rebel forces.[210]
On 5 October, TFSA primarily driven by the
After taking control of the supply route between Al-Bab and Dabiq by taking Akhtarin and its vicinity, on 9 October, Turkey and the affiliated rebels announced that the area between Mare, Akhtarin and Kafrghan, an area which contains two important IS-held locations, Sawran and Dabiq, a military zone.[213]
On 10 October, Turkish forces and Turkish-backed rebels made significant advances and established control in all settlements on the way to the town of
One week later, following heavy clashes around the area, on 16 October, the FSA, headed by Sultan Murad Division, first took control of
Clashes between SDF, ISIS and rebels: western al-Bab offensive (18 October – 3 November)
On 18 October, the Northern Thunder Brigade issued an ultimatum to the "PKK" and the Army of Revolutionaries, warning them to leave Tell Rifaat within 48 hours after which they will attack the town.[217] On 19 October, following capturing the last remaining IS-held villages between the control line of the SDF, Turkey-backed rebels started an offensive towards the SDF positions in Shahba region and Tell Rifaat with Turkish support. Following the first days of clashes and strikes, the Turkish army said that its air strikes have killed 160 to 200 YPG members with maximum care for civilians. Syrian government sources however reported around such a number of civilians killed. SDF sources reported 11 fighters from their ranks killed. SOHR stated that death toll was around 20, possible 4 civilians included.
On 22 October, first reports gains were announced by the rebel factions, namely 2 to 3 villages, which later turned out to be untrue. Turkish-backed rebels surrounded Shaykh Issa, just east of Tell Rifaat. Turkish artillery shelling and air strikes mainly focused on Tell Rifaat, Shaykh Issa and villages under SDF control in western al-Bab. Turkish tanks entered Syria also from the west, from Hatay region into Idlib region, to the southernmost point of the PYD-held Afrin canton and positioned on hills overlooking Tel Rifat and Afrin.[218]
By 25 October, it became evident that the SDF had repelled all assaults by Turkish-backed rebels on villages and positions under its control.[219] ANHA stated that the "failures and casualties" despite "major" Turkish support had "demoralized" rebel groups and caused their retreat from further attacks against the SDF.[220][221] Of the commanders from the Northern Thunder Brigade who issued the ultimatum, one was reportedly killed in action and one was seriously injured.[222] In a counterattack, the SDF stated to have captured two villages from the rebels.[223]
Al-Bab (6 November 2016 – 23 February 2017)
On 6 November, the rebels supported by Turkish planes and artillery advanced south towards al-Bab, entering the northern outskirts of the city on 14 November. The US-led coalition did not support the offensive due to it being an independent Turkish operation.[224]
On 24 November, according to the Turkish military, the
Turkish officials initially stated the casualties were due to an IS attack, before blaming the Syrian Air Force.[citation needed] However, the pro-opposition activist group the SOHR disputed it was an air-strike and stated it was in fact an IS suicide attack. Additionally, IS confirmed it conducted a suicide attack in the area.[229] On 25 November, the Syrian airforce said that their jets have not bombed Turkish soldiers.[230]
On 8 January 2017, the New York Times reported that momentum gained with the ouster of Daesh from Jarablus was stalled at al-Bab due to heavy resistance and an inexplicable lack of U.S. air support.[231] In response, the Turkish government sought aid from Russian airstrikes against ISIS positions.
On 2 February 2017, Sky News reported that Turkish aircraft killed 51 IS fighters in the space of 24 hours in the areas of al Bab, Tadif, Kabbasin and Bzagah, the airstrikes targeted buildings and vehicles resulting in 85 IS positions destroyed.[232]
On 7 February 2017, clashes erupted between the SDF and Euphrates Shield Forces in the town of Tokhar north of Manbij and south of Jarabulus. The former stated to have repelled SDF's attempt to advance in the town.[233]
On 9 February 2017, a Russian air strike on a building accidentally killed 3 Turkish soldiers and wounded 11 more in a friendly fire incident near al-Bab, who were supporting the Syrian rebels in the battle for the city. The BBC report added that the Kremlin issued a statement that President Putin had, in a telephone call with his Turkish counterpart, "expressed condolences over a tragic incident which resulted in the deaths of several Turkish troops in the al-Bab area" and that two leaders agreed to "increase military co-operation during operations in Syria against IS militants and other extremist organisations."[234]
On 14 February 2017, Turkish forces started shelling SDF-held Tell Rifaat with mortars and heavy artillery. The offensive continued the next day. Kurdish officials condemned the violations.[235] Al-Bab was completely captured from IS by Turkish-backed rebels on 23 February, along with the towns of Qabasin and Bizaah.[236][237][238] On 25 February, IS began to retreat from the town of Tadef,[239] with the Syrian Army capturing the town on the following day.[240][241]
Tadef and clashes with SDF around Manbij (28 February – 25 March)
On 26 February 2017, Turkey's protests notwithstanding, the U.S. announced its support for the
On 6 March, Manbij Military Council spokesman Sharfan Darwish said that the U.S.-led anti-ISIL coalition had boosted its presence in Manbij in response to the clashes between SDF and Turkish-backed forces. He stated that they hadn't requested any reinforcements from SDF or YPG and also added that the implementation of the deal regarding the villages near Manbij had been delayed but it remained in place.
On 25 March, the SAA reported that the Turkish-backed rebels had not taken Tadef, stating that they still controlled the town, though the rebel forces had advanced on the town's northern edges and clashes erupted.[263]
International reactions
This section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (February 2020) |
Belligerent sides
- Turkey: Turkey Justified the operation as an act of
UN-member states
- Azerbaijan: Qənirə Paşayeva, member of parliament, said on 3 September that Turkey would have an obligation to protect the civilians in northern Syria from terror groups and would have the right to protect itself from the attacks originating from Syria with the intervention.[269]
- Bulgaria: Prime minister migration wave of 2 million people with the Euphrates Shield operation in Syria's Jarablus with the coalition."[270]
- Cyprus: The Cyprus House of Representatives on 9 September unanimously adopted a resolution condemning "the unacceptable invasion of Turkey into Syria, under the pretext of war against terrorism." It also called on the international community to demand Turkey's withdrawal from Syria.[271]
- France: On 30 August President People's Protection Units (YPG).[272]
- Germany: On 24 August, the German foreign ministry spokesperson supported Turkey's action against "terrorist activities" in northern Syria.[273] Furthermore, it added that the Euphrates Shield operation was part of international efforts to overcome IS in the region.[274] However, on 28 August the Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier condemned Turkish attacks against the SDF and pointed out that Turkey has to join the war against ISIS not to fight Syrian Kurds, while also condemning PKK attacks in Turkey.[275]
- Iran: Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Bahram Ghasemi on 31 August urged Ankara to quickly wrap up its military intervention in Syria, saying it was an "unacceptable" violation of Syrian sovereignty.[276]
- Israel: Israeli ambassador in Ankara Amira Oron said that Turkey's concerns in regards to fighting Islamic State (IS) are legitimate.[277]
- Netherlands: The Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava was inaugurated in The Hague.[279]
- Russia: Russia's foreign ministry on 24 August said in a statement that Moscow was deeply worried by the escalation of tension on the Turkish-Syria border.Russian President Vladimir Putin speaking at a press conference following the G20 Hangzhou summit in China said that: "Turkey's operation in Syria was not something unexpected for us. Foreign Affairs and Intelligence exist so that we face fewer unexpected developments. We understood what was going on and where things would lead."[281] On 21 October foreign minister Lavrov expressed Russia's concern with Turkish attacks on SDF forces and called on Turkey to focus on fighting IS and Al-Nusra Front.[282][283]
- Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia's foreign minister YPG, and suggested a military solution remained the strongest option to get rid of Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad.[284]
- Syria: The Syrian foreign ministry on 25 August condemned "this blatant breach to its sovereignty" by Turkey. Syria said: "Fighting terrorism on Syrian territory from any side should have been coordinated with Syrian government and the Syrian army that has been fighting in these battles for five years".Bashar Assad said that "as long as the Turkish policy is run by an abnormal and psychologically disturbed person like Erdogan, we have to expect all possibilities."[287]
- United States: US vice-president Joe Biden in the early days of the Turkish offensive publicly warned YPG forces in Syria that they would lose US support if they fail to "go back across the river" (east of the Euphrates).[94][107] Biden arrived in Turkey instead of John Kerry in a move seen as an "upgrade" of the U.S. diplomatic mission.[288] As Turkey launched a major attack against the SDF on 28 August, the Pentagon refused to comment, other than stating that the SDF remained an important partner in the war against IS.[289] On 29 August, CENTCOM stated that it had no involvement in Turkish or Turkish backed rebel activities against the SDF. On the same day, the U.S. military voiced its "concern" over the clashes between Turkey and Kurdish-aligned forces in Syria.[3] On 31 August, the U.S. said Turkey's actions after taking Jarabulus were "unacceptable" and CENTCOM commander Joseph Votel said that the U.S. will continue to support the YPG.[290] On 2 September 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama said ahead of the G20 summit in Hangzhou, China that "Turkey continues to be strong NATO ally, they are working with us to defeat IS."[291] On 27 October, U.S. Senator John McCain, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, released a statement saying that "the Turkish government's continued attacks on Syrian Kurds are destabilizing and troubling. (...) I urge the Turkish government to refrain from further attacks against Kurdish groups in Syria."[292]
Supranational organizations
- European Union:
- NATO: NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg arrived in Ankara for a two-day visit on 8 September, as a sign of support for the Turkish people and their democracy.[295] Jens Stoltenberg said also that the military alliance supports Ankara in its campaign to protect its borders. "We welcome Turkey's increasing efforts to fight against IS.[296] Turkey has a right to defend itself. There have been many terrorist attacks coming from the Syrian side."[297]
- United Nations: During a visit to the city of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized the key role of Turkey in the fight against IS.[298]
Other regional actors
- Iraqi Kurdistan: The head of the Iraqi Massoud Barzani, said on 24 August that Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey had agreed on a strategy to fight IS.[299] On 15 September, when asked about Turkey's military intervention and PYD; Barzani said PYD was "seizing" areas in Syria and following outlawed PKK's policies. "Due to its non-inclusive policies, the PYD does not enjoy the support of other elements in Syria and continues to support Syria's Assad regime without any thought for the future of the Kurds in the region." Barzani stated.[300] Barzani's political affiliation, KDP, doesn't recognize PYD as representative of Kurds in Syria.[301]
- Rojava: Shahba region civilian council condemned the occupation of Jarabulus as a Turkish attempt to expand into Syria, likening it to the Battle of Marj Dabiq and suggesting that Jarabulus would become a "grave for the criminal occupier Erdoğan and his mercenaries".[45] Among SDF component groups, YPG forces said that the Turkish operation is motivated more by the desire to stop the SDF's advance in northwestern Syria than by anti-IS sentiment.[77]
- Syrian National Coalition stated foreign military presence in and around Jarabulus to be temporary and limited to the provision of logistical support.[303][304]
- Syrian Turkmen councilhead Emin Bozoğlan said that "the Turkmen minority feels threatened both by IS and the PYD." Furthermore, he stated that the "Turkmen minority is calling for an expansion of the offensive until northern Aleppo and Manbij are completely in control of the Turkish Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army that it backs."[305] On an interview, Bozoğlan also stated "Turkmens hope that operations will also save other important Turkmen regions in Tel Abyad area occupied by YPG and in Latakia area under control of the Assad government".[306]
- The Kurdish National Council in Syria condemned the "indiscriminate" Turkish bombings on populated towns such as Jindires and other towns in the northern Aleppo Government. The council stated that "the Turkish Army and allied Islamist rebels have been killing civilians, carrying out indiscriminate shelling and airstrikes on populated areas." and demanded the Turkish Armed Forces to withdraw its forces. A KNC member also denounced the Turkish focus on attacking the SDF.[307]
See also
- List of invasions in the 21st century
- Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
- Operation Olive Branch
- Operation Peace Spring
- Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)
- Terrorism in Turkey
- Turkey–ISIL conflict
- Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)
- Battle of al-Bab
- List of wars involving Turkey
- Spillover of the Syrian civil war
Notes
^ a: Only against ISIL
^ b: Part of Syrian Turkmen Brigades as well
References
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- ^ a b "US warns over Turkish-Kurdish violence". BBC. 29 August 2016.
- ^ [1] U.S. halts military support for Turkey's fight in key Islamic State town
- ^ [2] Russian jets strike Daesh targets in Syria's al-Bab for first time
- ^ [3] Turkish military says Russian aircraft carried out air strikes in Syria's al-Bab area
- ^ [4] Turkey, Russia continue joint airstrikes against ISIL near al-Bab
- ^ "RAF air strikes in Iraq and Syria: January 2017". GOV.UK.
- ^ "British jets strike ISIL in northern Syria in coordination with Turkey: Turkish military". 19 January 2017.
- ^ "YPG: We will not withdraw from west of the Euphrates". Rudaw. 24 August 2016.
- ^ "British YPG fighters 'head to Manbij to face Turkish forces'". Middle East Eye. 2 September 2016.
- ^ a b c "US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive". Al-Monitor. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
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- ^ 4 killed (28 August),[10] 6 killed (7 September),[11] 22 killed (20–23 October),[12] 6 killed (25 October),[13] Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 9 killed (27 October),[14] Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (8 November),[15] Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 November),[16] Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (11 November),[17] Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (12–19 November),[18] Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (20 November),[19] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 8 killed (21 November),[20] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (22 November),[21] Archived 24 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (23 November),[22] 7 killed (27 November),[23] Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (29 November),[24] Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (1 December),[25] Archived 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (2 December),[26] Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (7 December),[27] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (9 December),[28] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 December),[29] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 February),[30] Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (11 February),[31] 1 killed (16 February),[32] Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (19 February), [33] Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (21 February), [34] Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (1 March), [35] Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (3 March), [36] Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (9 March), [37] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (11 March), [38] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 March), [39] Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (16 March), [40] Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (18 March), [41] Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (23 March), [42] Archived 24 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine total of 131+ reported killed
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Semih Idiz: "Turkey squeezed between Russia, US in Syria", Al-Monitor, 1 February 2017
- Kadri Gursel: "Turkey faces decision over boots on the ground in Syria", Al-Monitor, 27 September 2016
- Christopher Phillips: "Turkey's Syria Intervention: A Sign of Weakness Not Strength", Newsweek, 22 September 2016
- Kadri Gursel: "Why US' biggest challenge to fighting IS in Syria might be its own allies", Al-Monitor, 20 September 2016
- Semih Idiz: "Turkey seeks more military cooperation with US in Syria", Al-Monitor, 20 September 2016
- Meredith Tax: "Turkey Is Supporting the Syrian Jihadis Washington Says It Wants to Fight", The Nation, 16 September 2016 Archived 22 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Fehim Taştekin: "US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive", Al-Monitor, 8 September 2016
- "Post-coup attempt Turkey is a stronger player in Syria", Hurriyet Daily News, 7 September 2016
- Kadri Gursel: "Will Turkey be dragged deeper into Syria?", Al-Monitor, 6 September 2016
- Fred Kaplan: "Turkey's Incursion Into Syria Is the Last Thing We Needed", Slate, 2 September 2016
- "Kurds Fear the U.S. Will Again Betray Them, in Syria", New York Times, 2 September 2016
- "Euphrates Shield", Hurriyet Daily News, 2 September 2016
- Amed Dicle: "What Turkey stands to lose in its hunt for Syrian Kurds", Al-Monitor, 1 September 2016
- Galip Dalay: "Turkey's Jarablus operation scorecard", Al Jazeera English, 1 September 2016