Punjab
Punjab
Panjāb | |
---|---|
Region | |
Nickname: Land of the Five Rivers | |
• Languages | Punjabi and others |
• Religions | Islam (60%) Hinduism (29%) Sikhism (10%) Christianity (1%) Others (<1%) |
Time zones | UTC+05:30 (IST in India) |
UTC+05:00 (PKT in Pakistan) | |
Demographics based on British Punjab's colonial borders |
Part of a series on |
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Punjab
Punjab, as an ethnolinguistic region primarily inhabited by ethnic Punjabis, includes the present-day Punjab province, Islamabad Capital Territory, Hazara Division, Dera Ismail Khan District and Azad Kashmir in Pakistan; and the Punjab state, Sirsa district and Sri Ganganagar district in India. The major cities in this region include Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Patiala and Bahawalpur.
Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the
Punjab's history is a tapestry of conflict, marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires. Following
The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century
The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region are the
Etymology
The name Punjab is of
History
Ancient period
The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the
Invasions of Alexander the Great (c. 4th century BCE)
The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as
Alexander later founded two cities—
After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, Antipater became the new regent.[29] According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.[30]
Mauryan Empire (c. 320–180 BCE)
Chandragupta's rule was very well organised. The Mauryans had an autocratic and centralised administration system, aided by a council of ministers, and also a well-established espionage system. Much of Chandragupta's success is attributed to Chanakya, the author of the Arthashastra. According to Buddhist sources Chanakya was native of the Punjab who resided in Taxila. Much of the Mauryan rule had a strong bureaucracy that had regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial activities, mining, statistics and data, maintenance of public places, and upkeep of temples.[citation needed]
Medieval period
Hindu Shahis (c. 820–1030 CE)
In the 9th century, the
Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 CE after it had been lost under his predecessor to the
After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 CE.[38][page needed] Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas.[38][page needed] This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI).[38][page needed]
Turkic rule (c. 1030–1320 CE)
The
Tughlaq dynasty (c. 1320–1410 CE)
The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq after defeating Khusrau Khan at the Battle of Lahrawat.
During Ghazi Malik's reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as
After his father's death in 1325 CE, Muhammad bin Tughlaq assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach.
After Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the Tughlaq empire was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence; it was at this point that
Sayyid dynasty (c. 1410–1450 CE)
Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs.[55]
Following
Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son
The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.[68]
Langah Sultanate (c. 1450–1540 CE)
In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah (a
Modern period
Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1761 CE)
The
Sikh Empire (c. 1799–1849 CE)
In the 19th century, Maharajah
British Punjab (c. 1849–1947 CE)
The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the
The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[85] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.[86][87][88][89]
Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[90]
Geography
The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century
Sikh Empire
At its height in the first half of the 19th century, the Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km2).[93][94][95]
The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire. The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Punjab region during the Sikh Empire:
- Punjab region, to Mithankot in the south
- Bahawalpur State
- Punjab, India, south to areas just across the Sutlej river
- Himachal Pradesh, India, south to areas just across the Sutlej river
- Jammu Division, Jammu and Kashmir, India and Pakistan (1808–1846)
- Kashmir region, Pakistan/China[96][97]
- Kashmir Valley, India (1819–1846)
- Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan (1842–1846)[citation needed]
- Ladakh, India (1834–1846)[98][99]
- Khyber Pass, Pakistan/Afghanistan[100]
- Peshawar, Pakistan[101] (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)
- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan (documented from Hazara, taken in 1818, again in 1836 to Bannu)[102]
- Parts of Taklakot)[104]
After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the
Punjab (British India)
In British India, until the
In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany, being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj.It encompassed the present day Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh which were merged with Punjab by the British for administrative purposes (but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union) and the Pakistani regions of the Punjab, Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province: the
- Indo-Gangetic Plain West geographical division (including Sheikhupura district);
- Himalayan geographical division (including );
- Sub-Himalayan geographical division (including Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District;
- North-West Dry Area geographical division (including Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, and Dera Ghazi Khan District).
Partition of British Punjab
The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party–led independence movement.[108] Amongst the peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active National Congress supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the Akali movement whilst the Muslims eventually supported the Muslim League.[108]
Since the partition of the sub-continent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947.[109]
Major cities
Historically, Lahore has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region, with a population of 11 million for the city proper. Faisalabad is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region. Other major cities are Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, and Chandigarh are the other cities in Punjab with a city-proper population of over a million.
Climate
The climate has significant impact on the economy of Punjab, particularly for agriculture in the region. Climate is not uniform over the whole region, as the areas adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance.[110]
There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the hot season, from mid-April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49 °C (120 °F). The
Western Punjab
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
44.0 (111.2) |
45.6 (114.1) |
46.6 (115.9) |
45.0 (113.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
46.6 (115.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.3 (100.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
22.2 (71.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −6 (21) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
13 (55) |
15.2 (59.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.2 (2.17) |
99.5 (3.92) |
96.5 (3.80) |
58.1 (2.29) |
39.9 (1.57) |
78.4 (3.09) |
310.6 (12.23) |
317.0 (12.48) |
135.4 (5.33) |
34.4 (1.35) |
17.7 (0.70) |
25.9 (1.02) |
1,268.6 (49.95) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.7 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 74.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 195.7 | 187.1 | 202.3 | 252.4 | 319.0 | 300.1 | 264.4 | 250.7 | 262.2 | 275.5 | 247.9 | 195.6 | 2,952.9 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[112][113] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: PMD (extremes)[114] |
Central Punjab
Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
46.1 (115.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
47.2 (117.0) |
46.1 (115.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.4 (93.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
24.9 (76.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
19.2 (66.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21.9 (0.86) |
39.5 (1.56) |
43.5 (1.71) |
25.5 (1.00) |
26.7 (1.05) |
84.8 (3.34) |
195.6 (7.70) |
184.1 (7.25) |
88.6 (3.49) |
13.3 (0.52) |
6.9 (0.27) |
16.8 (0.66) |
747.2 (29.41) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 47.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 218.8 | 215.0 | 245.8 | 256.1 | 308.3 | 269.0 | 227.5 | 234.9 | 265.6 | 290.0 | 229.6 | 222.9 | 2,983.5 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[115] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: PMD[116] |
Eastern Punjab
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
42.6 (108.7) |
46.0 (114.8) |
45.3 (113.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
46.0 (114.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 37.8 (1.49) |
37.3 (1.47) |
27.4 (1.08) |
17.5 (0.69) |
26.8 (1.06) |
146.7 (5.78) |
275.6 (10.85) |
273.0 (10.75) |
154.6 (6.09) |
14.2 (0.56) |
5.2 (0.20) |
22.3 (0.88) |
1,038.4 (40.88) |
Average rainy days | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 47.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
47 | 42 | 34 | 23 | 23 | 39 | 62 | 70 | 59 | 40 | 40 | 46 | 44 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[117] |
Demographics
Languages
The major language is Punjabi, which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script, and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script.[119] The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language.
Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region.
Language | Percentage |
---|---|
1911[106]: 370 | |
Punjabi[h] | 75.93% |
Western Hindi[i]
|
15.82% |
Western Pahari | 4.11% |
Rajasthani | 3.0% |
Balochi | 0.29% |
Pashto | 0.28% |
English | 0.15% |
Other | 0.42% |
Religions
Background
Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by Punjabi people, however, the term Hindu was also applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity.[124] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of Indra.[125][126][127][128] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[129] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.[130]
Later, the
The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.[130][136] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[130]
Colonial era
A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[137] Additionally during the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports:
"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab,
Shias... they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."[106]: 130— Excerpts from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD
Religious group |
Population % 1881[j] |
Population % 1891 |
Population % 1901[j] |
Population % 1911[j] |
Population % 1921 |
Population % 1931 |
Population % 1941 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islam | 47.6% | 47.8% | 49.2% | 50.8% | 51.1% | 52.4% | 53.2% |
Hinduism[k] | 43.8% | 43.6% | 41.8% | 36.3% | 35.1% | 31.7% | 30.1% |
Sikhism | 8.2% | 8.2% | 8.5% | 11.9% | 12.4% | 14.3% | 14.9% |
Christianity | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.5% |
Other religions / No religion | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141][j] | 1901[142]: 34 [j] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [j] | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 9,872,745 | 47.58% | 12,183,345 | 49.22% | 12,275,477 | 50.75% | 12,813,383 | 51.05% | 14,929,896 | 52.4% | 18,259,744 | 53.22% |
Hinduism [k] | 9,095,175 | 43.84% | 10,344,469 | 41.79% | 8,773,621 | 36.27% | 8,799,651 | 35.06% | 9,018,509 | 31.65% | 10,336,549 | 30.13% |
Sikhism | 1,706,165 | 8.22% | 2,102,896 | 8.49% | 2,883,729 | 11.92% | 3,107,296 | 12.38% | 4,071,624 | 14.29% | 5,116,185 | 14.91% |
Jainism | 42,572 | 0.21% | 49,983 | 0.2% | 46,775 | 0.19% | 41,321 | 0.16% | 43,140 | 0.15% | 45,475 | 0.13% |
Christianity | 28,054 | 0.14% | 66,591 | 0.27% | 199,751 | 0.83% | 332,939 | 1.33% | 419,353 | 1.47% | 512,466 | 1.49% |
Buddhism | 3,251 | 0.02% | 6,940 | 0.03% | 7,690 | 0.03% | 5,912 | 0.02% | 7,753 | 0.03% | 854 | 0.002% |
Zoroastrianism | 413 | 0.002% | 477 | 0.002% | 653 | 0.003% | 526 | 0.002% | 569 | 0.002% | 4,359 | 0.01% |
Judaism | — | — | 24 | 0.0001% | 54 | 0.0002% | 19 | 0.0001% | 13 | 0% | 39 | 0.0001% |
Others | 57 | 0.0003% | 12 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 13 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 34,190 | 0.1% |
Total population | 20,748,432 | 100% | 24,754,737 | 100% | 24,187,750 | 100% | 25,101,060 | 100% | 28,490,857 | 100% | 34,309,861 | 100% |
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141][148][l] | 1901[142]: 34 [149]: 62 [m] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [n] | 1921[145]: 29 [o] | 1931[146]: 277 [p] | 1941[147]: 42 [q] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Islam | 6,201,859 | 78.09% | 7,951,155 | 76.25% | 8,494,314 | 76.49% | 8,975,288 | 75.49% | 10,570,029 | 75.28% | 13,022,160 | 75.1% | |
Hinduism [k] | 1,449,913 | 18.26% | 1,944,363 | 18.65% | 1,645,758 | 14.82% | 1,797,141 | 15.12% | 1,957,878 | 13.94% | 2,373,466 | 13.69% | |
Sikhism | 272,908 | 3.44% | 483,999 | 4.64% | 813,441 | 7.33% | 863,091 | 7.26% | 1,180,789 | 8.41% | 1,520,112 | 8.77% | |
Christianity | 12,992 | 0.16% | 42,371 | 0.41% | 144,514 | 1.3% | 247,030 | 2.08% | 324,730 | 2.31% | 395,311 | 2.28% | |
Jainism | 4,352 | 0.05% | 5,562 | 0.05% | 5,977 | 0.05% | 5,930 | 0.05% | 6,921 | 0.05% | 9,520 | 0.05% | |
Zoroastrianism | 354 | 0.004% | 300 | 0.003% | 377 | 0.003% | 309 | 0.003% | 413 | 0.003% | 312 | 0.002% | |
Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0.0001% | 168 | 0.002% | 172 | 0.001% | 32 | 0.0002% | 87 | 0.001% | |
Judaism | — | — | 9 | 0.0001% | 36 | 0.0003% | 16 | 0.0001% | 6 | 0% | 7 | 0% | |
Others | 21 | 0.0003% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 19,128 | 0.11% | |
Total Population | 7,942,399 | 100% | 10,427,765 | 100% | 11,104,585 | 100% | 11,888,985 | 100% | 14,040,798 | 100% | 17,340,103 | 100% | |
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, Pakistan and Islamabad Capital Territory. |
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141][148][r][j] | 1901[142]: 34 [149]: 62 [s][j] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [t][j] | 1921[145]: 29 [u] | 1931[146]: 277 [v] | 1941[147]: 42 [w] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Hinduism [k] | 7,645,262 | 59.7% | 8,400,106 | 58.63% | 7,127,863 | 54.48% | 7,002,510 | 53% | 7,060,631 | 48.86% | 7,963,083 | 46.93% | |
Islam | 3,670,886 | 28.67% | 4,232,190 | 29.54% | 3,781,163 | 28.9% | 3,838,095 | 29.05% | 4,359,867 | 30.17% | 5,237,584 | 30.86% | |
Sikhism | 1,433,257 | 11.19% | 1,618,897 | 11.3% | 2,070,288 | 15.82% | 2,244,205 | 16.99% | 2,890,835 | 20.01% | 3,596,073 | 21.19% | |
Jainism | 38,220 | 0.3% | 44,421 | 0.31% | 40,798 | 0.31% | 35,391 | 0.27% | 36,219 | 0.25% | 35,955 | 0.21% | |
Christianity | 15,062 | 0.12% | 24,220 | 0.17% | 55,237 | 0.42% | 85,909 | 0.65% | 94,623 | 0.65% | 117,155 | 0.69% | |
Buddhism | 3,251 | 0.03% | 6,934 | 0.05% | 7,522 | 0.06% | 5,740 | 0.04% | 7,721 | 0.05% | 767 | 0.005% | |
Zoroastrianism | 59 | 0.0005% | 177 | 0.001% | 276 | 0.002% | 217 | 0.002% | 156 | 0.001% | 4,047 | 0.02% | |
Judaism | — | — | 15 | 0.0001% | 18 | 0.0001% | 3 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 32 | 0.0002% | |
Others | 36 | 0.0003% | 12 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 15,062 | 0.09% | |
Total Population | 12,806,033 | 100% | 14,326,972 | 100% | 13,083,165 | 100% | 13,212,075 | 100% | 14,450,059 | 100% | 16,969,758 | 100% | |
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. |
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Hinduism [k] | 4,975,901 | 48.94% | 5,825,964 | 48.64% | 4,790,624 | 43.44% | 4,735,960 | 41.37% | 4,709,545 | 36.59% | 5,314,610 | 34.43% |
Islam | 3,751,891 | 36.9% | 4,481,366 | 37.42% | 4,144,971 | 37.59% | 4,350,186 | 38% | 5,112,215 | 39.72% | 6,247,791 | 40.48% |
Sikhism | 1,390,873 | 13.68% | 1,605,457 | 13.4% | 1,993,750 | 18.08% | 2,186,429 | 19.1% | 2,816,785 | 21.88% | 3,576,659 | 23.17% |
Jainism | 36,479 | 0.36% | 41,877 | 0.35% | 39,111 | 0.35% | 33,515 | 0.29% | 34,806 | 0.27% | 34,744 | 0.23% |
Christianity | 11,729 | 0.12% | 22,103 | 0.18% | 58,462 | 0.53% | 140,104 | 1.22% | 198,081 | 1.54% | 247,028 | 1.6% |
Zoroastrianism | 139 | 0% | 299 | 0% | 412 | 0% | 318 | 0% | 314 | 0% | 235 | 0% |
Buddhism | 1 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 132 | 0% | 184 | 0% | 23 | 0% | 39 | 0% |
Judaism | — | — | 19 | 0% | 28 | 0% | 14 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 30 | 0% |
Others | 49 | 0% | 12 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 14,844 | 0.1% |
Total population[x] | 10,167,062 | 100% | 11,977,100 | 100% | 11,027,490 | 100% | 11,446,716 | 100% | 12,871,774 | 100% | 15,435,980 | 100% |
The Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division included Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District.[106]: 2 [107]: 4
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Hinduism [k] | 1,458,481 | 94.74% | 1,598,853 | 94.6% | 1,630,084 | 94.53% | 1,642,176 | 94.5% | 1,729,008 | 94.42% | 1,929,634 | 94.76% |
Islam | 70,642 | 4.59% | 76,480 | 4.53% | 74,205 | 4.3% | 77,425 | 4.46% | 82,711 | 4.52% | 87,485 | 4.3% |
Christianity | 3,840 | 0.25% | 3,415 | 0.2% | 4,400 | 0.26% | 4,471 | 0.26% | 2,586 | 0.14% | 2,129 | 0.1% |
Buddhism | 3,250 | 0.21% | 6,931 | 0.41% | 7,518 | 0.44% | 5,718 | 0.33% | 7,705 | 0.42% | 614 | 0.03% |
Sikhism | 2,680 | 0.17% | 3,897 | 0.23% | 7,894 | 0.46% | 7,610 | 0.44% | 8,948 | 0.49% | 12,245 | 0.6% |
Jainism | 536 | 0.03% | 483 | 0.03% | 358 | 0.02% | 356 | 0.02% | 291 | 0.02% | 425 | 0.02% |
Zoroastrianism | 4 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 18 | 0% | 40 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 3,895 | 0.19% |
Judaism | — | — | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Others | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% |
Total population[x] | 1,539,433 | 100% | 1,690,066 | 100% | 1,724,480 | 100% | 1,737,801 | 100% | 1,831,253 | 100% | 2,036,428 | 100% |
The Himalayan geographical division included
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 3,511,174 | 58.8% | 3,741,759 | 60.62% | 3,551,989 | 61.19% | 3,587,246 | 61.44% | 4,009,166 | 61.99% | 4,751,911 | 62.32% |
Hinduism [k] | 2,159,634 | 36.17% | 2,042,505 | 33.09% | 1,588,097 | 27.36% | 1,556,703 | 26.66% | 1,565,034 | 24.2% | 1,799,915 | 23.6% |
Sikhism | 284,592 | 4.77% | 350,587 | 5.68% | 565,596 | 9.74% | 570,759 | 9.78% | 753,168 | 11.65% | 906,802 | 11.89% |
Christianity | 10,363 | 0.17% | 29,930 | 0.48% | 92,524 | 1.59% | 117,172 | 2.01% | 132,500 | 2.05% | 155,386 | 2.04% |
Jainism | 5,231 | 0.09% | 7,278 | 0.12% | 6,695 | 0.12% | 6,866 | 0.12% | 7,299 | 0.11% | 9,172 | 0.12% |
Zoroastrianism | 200 | 0% | 117 | 0% | 152 | 0% | 111 | 0% | 76 | 0% | 141 | 0% |
Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 11 | 0% | 8 | 0% | 22 | 0% | 171 | 0% |
Judaism | — | — | 5 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 6 | 0% |
Others | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1,681 | 0.02% |
Total population[x] | 5,971,195 | 100% | 6,172,187 | 100% | 5,805,081 | 100% | 5,838,869 | 100% | 6,467,272 | 100% | 7,625,185 | 100% |
The Sub−Himalayan geographical division included
Religious group |
1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 2,539,038 | 82.68% | 3,883,740 | 79.01% | 4,504,312 | 80% | 4,798,526 | 78.95% | 5,725,804 | 78.22% | 7,172,557 | 77.86% |
Hinduism [k] | 501,159 | 16.32% | 877,147 | 17.84% | 764,816 | 13.58% | 864,812 | 14.23% | 1,014,922 | 13.86% | 1,292,390 | 14.03% |
Sikhism | 28,020 | 0.91% | 142,955 | 2.91% | 316,489 | 5.62% | 342,498 | 5.64% | 492,723 | 6.73% | 620,479 | 6.74% |
Christianity | 2,122 | 0.07% | 11,143 | 0.23% | 44,365 | 0.79% | 71,192 | 1.17% | 86,186 | 1.18% | 107,923 | 1.17% |
Jainism | 326 | 0.01% | 345 | 0.01% | 611 | 0.01% | 584 | 0.01% | 744 | 0.01% | 1,134 | 0.01% |
Zoroastrianism | 70 | 0% | 54 | 0% | 71 | 0% | 57 | 0% | 176 | 0% | 88 | 0% |
Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 29 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 30 | 0% |
Judaism | — | — | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% |
Others | 7 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 17,664 | 0.19% |
Total population[x] | 3,070,742 | 100% | 4,915,384 | 100% | 5,630,699 | 100% | 6,077,674 | 100% | 7,320,558 | 100% | 9,212,268 | 100% |
The North−West Dry Area geographical division included
Post-partition
In the present-day, the vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith, but also include significant minority faiths, such as Shia Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians.
Sikhism, founded by
The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints, and Sufism is well established in the region.[151] Also, Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.[152]
Religious group |
Punjab Region |
Punjab (Pakistan)[153] |
Punjab (India)[154] |
Haryana[155] | Delhi[155] | Himachal Pradesh[155] |
Islamabad[153] | Chandigarh[155] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population |
Percentage | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 114,130,322 | 60.13% | 107,541,602 | 97.77% | 535,489 | 1.93% | 1,781,342 | 7.03% | 2,158,684 | 12.86% | 149,881 | 2.18% | 1,911,877 | 95.43% | 51,447 | 4.87% |
Hinduism | 54,159,083 | 28.54% | 211,641 | 0.19% | 10,678,138 | 38.49% | 22,171,128 | 87.46% | 13,712,100 | 81.68% | 6,532,765 | 95.17% | 737 | 0.04% | 852,574 | 80.78% |
Sikhism | 18,037,312 | 9.5% | — | — | 16,004,754 | 57.69% | 1,243,752 | 4.91% | 570,581 | 3.4% | 79,896 | 1.16% | — | — | 138,329 | 13.11% |
Christianity | 2,715,952 | 1.43% | 2,063,063 | 1.88% | 348,230 | 1.26% | 50,353 | 0.2% | 146,093 | 0.87% | 12,646 | 0.18% | 86,847 | 4.34% | 8,720 | 0.83% |
Jainism | 267,649 | 0.14% | — | — | 45,040 | 0.16% | 52,613 | 0.21% | 166,231 | 0.99% | 1,805 | 0.03% | — | — | 1,960 | 0.19% |
Ahmadiyya | 160,759 | 0.08% | 158,021 | 0.14% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,738 | 0.14% | — | — |
Buddhism | 139,019 | 0.07% | — | — | 33,237 | 0.12% | 7,514 | 0.03% | 18,449 | 0.11% | 78,659 | 1.15% | — | — | 1,160 | 0.11% |
Others | 185,720 | 0.1% | 15,328 | 0.01% | 98,450 | 0.35% | 44,760 | 0.18% | 15,803 | 0.09% | 8,950 | 0.13% | 1,169 | 0.06% | 1,260 | 0.12% |
Total population | 189,795,816 | 100% | 109,989,655 | 100% | 27,743,338 | 100% | 25,351,462 | 100% | 16,787,941 | 100% | 6,864,602 | 100% | 2,003,368 | 100% | 1,055,450 | 100% |
Tribes
The Punjab region is diverse. Historic census reports taken in the colonial era details the main castes are represented, alongside numerous subcastes and tribes (also known as Jāti or Barādarī), formed parts of the various ethnic groups in the region, contemporarily known as Punjabis, Saraikis, Haryanvis, Hindkowans, Dogras, Paharis, and more.
Tribe | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Jat | 4,223,885 | 20.31% | 4,500,340 | 19.64% | 4,884,285 | 20.04% | 4,891,060 | 20.56% | 5,453,747 | 21.73% | 6,070,032 | 21.31% |
Rajput | 1,648,426 | 7.92% | 1,747,989 | 7.63% | 1,784,402 | 7.32% | 1,586,274 | 6.67% | 1,853,025 | 7.38% | 2,351,650 | 8.25% |
Brahman | 1,040,771 | 5% | 1,069,132 | 4.67% | 1,077,252 | 4.42% | 985,901 | 4.14% | 994,529 | 3.96% | 1,058,598 | 3.72% |
Chuhra | 1,039,039 | 5% | 1,175,504 | 5.13% | 1,175,003 | 4.82% | 912,998 | 3.84% | 750,596 | 2.99% | 681,359 | 2.39% |
Chamar | 1,033,727 | 4.97% | 1,147,913 | 5.01% | 1,172,118 | 4.81% | 1,075,941 | 4.52% | 1,134,700 | 4.52% | 1,102,465 | 3.87% |
Arain | 795,471 | 3.82% | 890,264 | 3.88% | 1,003,698 | 4.12% | 973,888 | 4.09% | 1,086,455 | 4.33% | 1,329,312 | 4.67% |
Julaha | 593,199 | 2.85% | 620,401 | 2.71% | 651,800 | 2.67% | 626,960 | 2.64% | 643,403 | 2.56% | 672,243 | 2.36% |
Tarkhan | 564,385 | 2.71% | 621,718 | 2.71% | 675,361 | 2.77% | 637,971 | 2.68% | 614,912 | 2.45% | 654,053 | 2.3% |
Gujjar | 539,251 | 2.59% | 600,198 | 2.62% | 611,904 | 2.51% | 595,598 | 2.5% | 627,451 | 2.5% | 696,442 | 2.44% |
Arora | 538,465 | 2.59% | 603,131 | 2.63% | 647,945 | 2.66% | 667,943 | 2.81% | 707,495 | 2.82% | 769,694 | 2.7% |
Kumhar | 465,676 | 2.24% | 515,331 | 2.25% | 561,298 | 2.3% | 542,906 | 2.28% | 570,158 | 2.27% | 62,0402 | 2.18% |
Bania | 437,000 | 2.1% | 442,000 | 1.93% | 452,000 | 1.85% | 404,000 | 1.7% | 374,169 | 1.49% | — | — |
Jhinwar | 418,499 | 2.01% | 458,702 | 2% | 450,362 | 1.85% | 331,951 | 1.4% | 371,418 | 1.48% | 370,168 | 1.3% |
Khatri | 392,413 | 1.89% | 418,517 | 1.83% | 433,579 | 1.78% | 423,704 | 1.78% | 452,902 | 1.8% | 516,207 | 1.81% |
Awan | 350,848 | 1.69% | 389,402 | 1.7% | 420,504 | 1.73% | 425,450 | 1.79% | 439,975 | 1.75% | 538,760 | 1.89% |
Kanet | 346,000 | 1.66% | 370,000 | 1.61% | 390,000 | 1.6% | 404,000 | 1.7% | 288,159 | 1.15% | 305,814 | 1.07% |
Mochi | 334,034 | 1.61% | 384,179 | 1.68% | 408,314 | 1.68% | 410,977 | 1.73% | 429,242 | 1.71% | 466,832 | 1.64% |
Baloch | 331,851 | 1.6% | 383,138 | 1.67% | 466,645 | 1.92% | 530,976 | 2.23% | 531,084 | 2.12% | 624,691 | 2.19% |
Nai | 323,703 | 1.56% | 371,144 | 1.62% | 370,019 | 1.52% | 344,845 | 1.45% | 360,653 | 1.44% | 380,657 | 1.34% |
Sheikh
|
293,606 | 1.41% | 287,778 | 1.26% | 264,656 | 1.09% | 276,687 | 1.16% | 244,800 | 0.98% | 407,576 | 1.43% |
Lohar | 291,506 | 1.4% | 323,420 | 1.41% | 347,099 | 1.42% | 319,847 | 1.34% | 322,195 | 1.28% | 333,910 | 1.17% |
Teli | 250,544 | 1.2% | 291,513 | 1.27% | 309,433 | 1.27% | 284,505 | 1.2% | 305,122 | 1.22% | 339,124 | 1.19% |
Pathan | 210,613 | 1.01% | 221,262 | 0.97% | 246,790 | 1.01% | 272,547 | 1.15% | 261,729 | 1.04% | 345,438 | 1.21% |
Sayyid | 200,728 | 0.96% | 217,034 | 0.95% | 230,802 | 0.95% | 239,160 | 1.01% | 247,087 | 0.98% | 293,313 | 1.03% |
Mirasi | 192,107 | 0.92% | 230,700 | 1.01% | 244,506 | 1% | 223,093 | 0.94% | 232,280 | 0.93% | 242,685 | 0.85% |
Machhi | 167,882 | 0.81% | 196,574 | 0.86% | 236,122 | 0.97% | 239,702 | 1.01% | 280,956 | 1.12% | 314,791 | 1.1% |
Ahir | 165,878 | 0.8% | 188,838 | 0.82% | 197,805 | 0.81% | 201,299 | 0.85% | 201,539 | 0.8% | 221,897 | 0.78% |
Kashmiri | 149,733 | 0.72% | 141,280 | 0.62% | 189,878 | 0.78% | 175,334 | 0.74% | 166,449 | 0.66% | 200,066 | 0.7% |
Saini | 147,183 | 0.71% | 120,507 | 0.53% | 121,722 | 0.5% | 107,759 | 0.45% | 120,376 | 0.48% | 157,301 | 0.55% |
Sunar | 145,903 | 0.7% | 164,087 | 0.72% | 174,628 | 0.72% | 155,993 | 0.66% | 127,090 | 0.51% | 159,655 | 0.56% |
Kamboh | 129,468 | 0.62% | 150,646 | 0.66% | 173,780 | 0.71% | 171,536 | 0.72% | 180,870 | 0.72% | 239,385 | 0.84% |
Dhobi | 123,767 | 0.6% | 139,421 | 0.61% | 142,342 | 0.58% | 151,566 | 0.64% | 163,908 | 0.65% | 174,519 | 0.61% |
Meo | 112,566 | 0.54% | 115,916 | 0.51% | 133,300 | 0.55% | 120,752 | 0.51% | 111,564 | 0.44% | 124,821 | 0.44% |
Faqir | 111,995 | 0.54% | 300,214 | 1.31% | 362,266 | 1.49% | 262,511 | 1.1% | 270,070 | 1.08% | 283,634 | 1% |
Ghirath | 110,507 | 0.53% | 118,631 | 0.52% | 121,718 | 0.5% | 121,107 | 0.51% | 117,949 | 0.47% | 122,785 | 0.43% |
Chhimba | 100,448 | 0.48% | 141,819 | 0.62% | 147,152 | 0.6% | 124,090 | 0.52% | 120,695 | 0.48% | 92,491 | 0.32% |
Qassab | 92,571 | 0.45% | 109,435 | 0.48% | 114,158 | 0.47% | 117,363 | 0.49% | 120,820 | 0.48% | 127,198 | 0.45% |
Rathi | 82,957 | 0.4% | 100,656 | 0.44% | 37,793 | 0.16% | 97,763 | 0.41% | 118,015 | 0.47% | 134,093 | 0.47% |
Dagi & Koli | 78,559 | 0.38% | 167,772 | 0.73% | 153,990 | 0.63% | 172,269 | 0.72% | 165,159 | 0.66% | 182,056 | 0.64% |
Mughal | 92,000 | 0.44% | 118,000 | 0.51% | 98,000 | 0.4% | 99,000 | 0.42% | 88,951 | 0.35% | — | — |
Jogi-Rawal | 90,000 | 0.43% | 91,000 | 0.4% | 76,000 | 0.31% | 83,000 | 0.35% | 80,577 | 0.32% | — | — |
Dumna | 66,169 | 0.32% | 64,046 | 0.28% | 53,394 | 0.22% | 72,250 | 0.3% | 36,669 | 0.15% | 32,055 | 0.11% |
Dhanuk | 66,000 | 0.32% | 74,000 | 0.32% | 77,000 | 0.32% | 83,000 | 0.35% | 87,278 | 0.35% | — | — |
Dogar | 63,000 | 0.01% | 70,000 | 0.01% | 75,000 | 0.01% | 68,000 | 0.29% | 74,369 | 0.3% | — | — |
Khoja | 62,000 | 0.3% | 90,000 | 0.39% | 99,000 | 0.41% | 63,000 | 0.26% | 87,461 | 0.35% | — | — |
Mallah | 62,000 | 0.3% | 77,000 | 0.34% | 73,000 | 0.3% | 78,000 | 0.33% | 74,233 | 0.3% | — | — |
Mali | 58,672 | 0.28% | 95,989 | 0.42% | 105,956 | 0.43% | 96,883 | 0.41% | 92,933 | 0.37% | 72,299 | 0.25% |
Bharai | 56,000 | 0.27% | 67,000 | 0.29% | 66,000 | 0.27% | 58,000 | 0.24% | 61,721 | 0.25% | — | — |
Barwala | 55,000 | 0.26% | 64,000 | 0.28% | 69,000 | 0.28% | 64,000 | 0.27% | 65,907 | 0.26% | — | — |
Mahtam | 50,313 | 0.24% | 56,982 | 0.25% | 82,719 | 0.34% | 81,805 | 0.34% | 94,325 | 0.38% | 64,004 | 0.22% |
Labana | 47,000 | 0.23% | 55,000 | 0.24% | 56,000 | 0.23% | 58,000 | 0.24% | 56,316 | 0.22% | — | — |
Megh | 37,373 | 0.18% | 41,068 | 0.18% | 44,315 | 0.18% | 39,549 | 0.17% | 30,465 | 0.12% | 22,539 | 0.08% |
Khokhar | 36,000 | 0.17% | 130,000 | 0.57% | 108,000 | 0.44% | 60,000 | 0.25% | 69,169 | 0.28% | — | — |
Darzi | 30,190 | 0.15% | 36,919 | 0.16% | 39,164 | 0.16% | 35,508 | 0.15% | 38,256 | 0.15% | 45,688 | 0.16% |
Bawaria
|
22,013 | 0.11% | 26,420 | 0.12% | 29,112 | 0.12% | 32,849 | 0.14% | 34,807 | 0.14% | 32,508 | 0.11% |
Sansi | 19,920 | 0.1% | 22,218 | 0.1% | 26,000 | 0.11% | 24,439 | 0.1% | 17,402 | 0.07% | 28,262 | 0.1% |
Od | 15,652 | 0.08% | 22,450 | 0.1% | 26,160 | 0.11% | 31,690 | 0.13% | 28,502 | 0.11% | 32,719 | 0.11% |
Sarera | 10,792 | 0.05% | 11,366 | 0.05% | 9,587 | 0.04% | 10,743 | 0.05% | 9,873 | 0.04% | 11,230 | 0.04% |
Pakhiwara | 3,741 | 0.02% | 3,674 | 0.02% | 3,595 | 0.01% | 3,711 | 0.02% | 2,801 | 0.01% | 3,100 | 0.01% |
Ghosi
|
2,221 | 0.01% | 2,652 | 0.01% | 3,012 | 0.01% | 2,419 | 0.01% | 502 | 0% | 3,836 | 0.01% |
Harni | 1,318 | 0.01% | 4,157 | 0.02% | 3,462 | 0.01% | 3,360 | 0.01% | 2,988 | 0.01% | 3,387 | 0.01% |
Maliar | — | — | — | — | 81,000 | 0.33% | 90,000 | 0.38% | 88,755 | 0.35% | — | — |
Mussalli | — | — | — | — | 57,367 | 0.24% | 309,543 | 1.3% | 323,549 | 1.29% | 412,295 | 1.45% |
Qureshi | — | — | — | — | 53,000 | 0.22% | 71,000 | 0.3% | 97,625 | 0.39% | — | — |
Aggarwal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 339,494 | 1.43% | 349,322 | 1.39% | 373,014 | 1.31% |
Bagaria | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,262 | 0.01% | 1,619 | 0.01% | 2,446 | 0.01% |
Total population | 20,800,995 | 100% | 22,915,894 | 100% | 24,367,113 | 100% | 23,791,841 | 100% | 25,101,514 | 100% | 28,490,869 | 100% |
Economy
The historical region of Punjab produces a relatively high proportion of the food output from India and Pakistan.[citation needed] The region has been used for extensive wheat farming. In addition, rice, cotton, sugarcane, fruit, and vegetables are also grown.[160]
The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab is considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. The Indian state of Punjab is currently the 16th richest state or the eighth richest large state of India. Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's foodgrain production.[161] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.[162]
Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the
Alternatively, Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the private sector. Government schemes such as 'Ghar Ghar Rozgar and Karobar Mission' have brought enhanced employability in the private sector. As of October 2019[update], more than 32,000 youths have been placed in different jobs and 12,000 have been skill-trained.[165]
See also
Notes
- ^ 2017 Pakistani census with religious data amalgamated from Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Islamabad, and Chandigarh.[153][154][155]
- ^ /pʌnˈdʒɑːb, -ˈdʒæb, ˈpʊn-/
- ^ From Persian پنج panj—meaning literally "five"—and آب âb—meaning literally "water" or "river". Thus, Panjâb, پنجاب (from Panj-Âb, پنجآب) translates as 'five waters'.[2]
- ^ from Greek: Πενταποταμία
- ^ from Sanskrit: पञ्चनद
- ^ Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.
- ^ Western Punjabi languages and dialects including Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari, and other related languages or dialects
- 17.59%
- ^ Including Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, and other related languages or dialects
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Including Delhi district, which was later made into a separate province in 1912, following the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911.
- ^ a b c d e f g h 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including Ad-Dharmis
- ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here: [139][140][141]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [142]: 34.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [143]: 27 [144]: 27.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [145]: 29.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [146]: 277.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [147]: 42.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
- ^ a b c d See total breakdowns in tables on Religion in the Punjab page.
References
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Punjab, as per official estimates, is home to some two million migrants from Bihar. They are engaged in various jobs and occupations in Punjab. Of this, over 1.3 million are living in and around the industrial hub of Ludhiana.
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Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas - began to coin in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics; but the coins do not all tell the same story. Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends 'Victory of the Arjunayanas' and (on their copper issue) 'Victory of the Yaudheyas', which point to their having won independence by the sword.
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The Tughlaqs had close links with the Punjab . According to Firishta and Sujan Rai Bhandari, Tughlaq, the founder of the dynasty, was born in the Punjab to a Jat mother
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The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
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The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
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The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
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The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
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The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.
- ^ Michaels (2004, p. 38) : "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."
Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). "Vedic Hinduism" (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2022.: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."
See also Halbfass 1991, pp. 1–2 - ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
- ^ "In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar". The Indian Express. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019.
Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline.
- ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).
- ^ Chhabra, G. S. (1968). Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century.
- ISBN 978-1-5275-5748-2.
With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.
- ISBN 978-1-134-04946-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
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Bibliography
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- Kumar, Sunil (2020). "The Delhi Sultanate as Empire". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8.
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- Rehman, Abdur (2014). The last two dynasties of the Sahis : an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (Thesis). S2CID 162856471.
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Further reading
- Condos, Mark. The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India (2020) excerpt Archived 18 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Narang, K.S.; Gupta, Dr H.R. (1969). History of the Punjab 1500–1858 (PDF). U. C. Kapur & Sons, Delhi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- [Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.
- [Chopra 77] Punjab as a Sovereign State, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.
- Patwant Singh. 1999. The Sikhs. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50206-0.
- The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.
- Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.
- History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.
- History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi (Ed).
- The Legacy of the Punjab, 1997, R. M. Chopra.
- The Rise Growth and Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, R. M. Chopra, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi. 2nd revised edition, published in 2013.
- Sims, Holly. "The State and Agricultural Productivity: Continuity versus Change in the Indian and Pakistani Punjabs." Asian Survey, 1 April 1986, Vol. 26(4), pp. 483–500.