Robert Pollack (biologist)
Robert Pollack | |
---|---|
Born | New York City, US | September 2, 1940
Alma mater | Columbia College (BA), Brandeis University (PhD) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Biology |
Institutions | Stony Brook University, Columbia University |
Website | https://scienceandsociety.columbia.edu/directory/robert-e-pollack |
Robert Elliot Pollack (born September 2, 1940) is an American academic, administrator, biologist, and philosopher, who served as a long-time Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University.
Born in
Pollack has been credited as the father of reversion therapy, for his observation that cancer cells infected with different types of viruses could revert to non-oncogenic phenotypes.[1] Subsequently, he published nearly one hundred scientific articles related to reversion. He later became a philosopher, examining his faith with a scientific lens, and, at the same time, reinterpreting science through faith. Pollack has authored over 200 scientific articles, seven books, and dozens of speeches, mostly delivered at Columbia University.
As the first
Education and early life
Robert Elliot Pollack was born on September 2, 1940, in
Research
In 1968, while working for Howard Green, Pollack published the first demonstration of reversion, a phenomenon whereby certain cancer cells demonstrated decreased growth and increased contact inhibition, thereafter being considered as reverted to a more normal non-oncogenic phenotype.[15] Reversion was later suggested as a potential treatment for cancer.[16] Pollack's work sparked a novel subfield of oncogenic research, elucidating the distinct mechanisms directing cell reversion.[17]
Academic career
Microbiologist
Graduating with a PhD in
Dean of Columbia College
Pollack served as
Academic Initiatives
Pollack took a variety of academic stances during his tenure. At his encouragement, the faculty of the College voted to move up the pass-fail course registration deadline by one month.[32] Pollack opposed the inclusion of computer science in the Core Curriculum.[33] Pollack organized faculty committees to examine the development of additional majors in both African-American studies and gender studies.[34][35] In 1983, Pollack awarded an honorary degree to Isaac Asimov, who had been forced due to racial quotas to attend Seth Low Junior College, later folded into the Columbia University School of General Studies.[36][37][38]
Pollack supported the founding of the Rabi Scholar's cohort, named after
Student Life
Notably, Pollack oversaw the admission of the first female-inclusive class in 1983,
Pollack forwarded initiatives to ensure guaranteed housing for all students.[51][52] A contemporary editorial by the Managing Board of the Columbia Daily Spectator noted that: "College Dean Robert Pollack is clinging to his guarantee of housing for all freshmen like a mother bear to its threatened cub."[53] In addition to the acquisition of the Carlton Arms dormitory, he pushed for the construction of a new dorm on 115th street,[54] which eventually became Schapiro Hall.[55] He successfully convinced Morris Schapiro to donate an addition two million dollars to fund a student center for the arts in the basement of this dorm.[56] Additionally, the college negotiated directly with manufacturers to install computer labs in residence.[57]
In the face of significant financial constraints,
AIDS Epidemic
Pollack was one of the first university administers to meet with LGBTQ groups during the AIDS epidemic.[70] He later led an initiative to formulate an AIDS-related policy for Columbia's campus.[71][72][73] Additionally, Pollack called for the development of an AIDS vaccine.[74]
South African Divestment
In response to increasing student activism related to
Columbia College Bicentennial
In 1987,
Racial Tensions at Columbia
Protests by hundreds of students erupted following a racially motivated fight between students in the College in March, 1987.
In 1984, Pollack came out against an African-American studies major, favoring a more broadly encompassing minority studies major.[127] Therefore, in 1986, minority studies became an approved major, while proposals for African-American studies languished.[128][129] Four days after the March 22nd fight, the African-American studies proposal was brought before the committee on instruction with Pollack's approval, and ratified by the faculty nearly a month afterwards.[130][131][132] Therefore, the 1987-1988 academic year therefore became the first where African-American studies was an offered major.[133]
Over the course of the Fall, 1987 semester, Pollack developed a plan to use a 25 million dollar donation from John Kluge to encourage graduate studies for underrepresented groups.[134][135] He additionally appointed a race relations committee, headed by Professor Charles Hamilton.[136] The committee provided fourteen recommendations, accepted by Pollack, including an investment in the Columbia University Double Discovery Center along with increased hiring of minority faculty.[137][138][139]
Research Contributions During Deanship
Alongside his administrative responsibilities, Pollack maintained an active role in scientific research.[140][141] His work focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation and cancer cell transformation, specifically investigating the role of viral proteins and the cellular cytoskeleton in oncogenesis. Notable publications include studies on insulin binding by 3T3 cells,[142] the role of the cytoskeleton in colonic epithelial cells,[143] and adipocyte differentiation by DNA transfection.[144] Additionally, he spoke out regarding the relationship between academia and industry science.[145][146]
Co-Chair of the Jewish Campus Life Fund
Near the end of his term as Dean and afterwards, Pollack was considered for a wide variety of academic positions at other
He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1993 to write a book on the definition of disease.[161][162] From these efforts arose Pollack's first book geared for the general public, entitled Signs of Life: the Language and Meanings of DNA (1994).[163][164] In 1999, Pollack published his second book, The Missing Moment: How the Unconscious Shapes Modern Science (Houghton Mifflin), which offers reflection on mortality, morality, and the role of science in society.[165] The Missing Moment ultimately critiques the biomedical field's tendency to overlook human needs by operating within a paradigm that denies personal mortality.[166]
Director of the Center for the Study of Science and Religion
Pollack founded the Center for the Study of Science and Religion, later renamed the Research Cluster for Science and Subjectivity, in 1999, receiving a number of notable grants to power its operations, spanning diverse colloquial efforts, undergraduate course support, and a medical writer-in-residence program.[167] In 2000, he published The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith: Order, meaning and free will in modern science, examining the relationship between religious belief and scientific practice.[168] Originally presented at the Columbia University Seminar 1999 Leonard Hastings Schoff Memorial Lecture,[169] the text was republished in 2013, with a new preface emphasizing individual responsibility over scientific institutions, in discussing the role of free will in scientific practice.[170] He participated in a 2003 interview with Robert Wright, underscoring Pollack's approach to finding balance and meaning at the intersection between scientific inquiry and spiritual belief.[171] He partnered with Jeffrey Sachs, moving the CSSR to the Earth Institute, turning his attention to the study of climate change during the later 2000s.[172]
From 2011 to 2019, Pollack concurrently served as the Director of the Columbia University seminars, a movement fostering interdisciplinary conversations between academics, founded by Frank Tannenbaum.[173][174][175][176] In his role as Director, he played an important role in the creation of the University Seminar Archive.[177]
Starting in 2014, Pollack changed the mission of the RCSS to focus on empowering undergraduate projects.
Teaching
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
As a research scientist in
Columbia University
Pollack has taught a variety of lecture and seminar style courses at
Pollack was an early advocate for the inclusion of science curriculum within Columbia's Core Curriculum.[201][202][203] To accomplish this goal, Pollack, alongside Herbert Goldstein and Jonathon Gross, developed a course entitled the Theory and Practice of Science, aimed at providing scientific literacy to the general student population, funded by a $30,000 grant from the Exxon Mobil Foundation along with an anonymous $30,000 donation, later revealed to be a personal donation from Columbia University President Michael Sovern.[204][205][206] Based on a belief that fundamental scientific papers double as literary masterpieces,[207] Pollack's portion of the course was organized around key publications in biochemistry, evolution, and genetics.[208][209] In 1983, the course received an additional $240,000 in support from the Mellon Foundation.[210] Although the course was taught for at least fourteen years,[211] it failed enter the core curriculum, due to concerns regarding the breadth of technical concepts within the discussed works.[212] Pollack later contributed[213] to and taught[214] in Frontiers of Science,[215] a general science curriculum developed by David Helfand[216] and Darcy Kelley, former instructors for The Theory and Practice of Science,[217] which was added to the Core Curriculum in 2005.[218][219][220]
Awards and honors
Pollack has received the
Personal life
Pollack is married to Amy Steinberg, an artist.
Books
In addition to his academic and administrative positions, Pollack has written many articles and books on diverse subjects, ranging from laboratory science to religious ethics.
- Readings in mammalian cell culture, first edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1975) ISBN 0879691166
- Readings in mammalian cell culture, second edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1982) ISBN 9780879691370
- Signs of Life: The Language and Meanings of DNA (Houghton Mifflin, 1994) ISBN 0395735300
- The Missing Moment: How the Unconscious shapes Modern Science (Houghton Mifflin, 1999) ISBN 0395709857
- The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith (Columbia University Press, 2000) ISBN 9780231529051
- The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith, With a New Preface by the Author (Columbia University Press, 2013) ISBN 9780231115070
- The Course of Nature: A Book of Drawings on Natural Selection and Its Consequences (Stony Creek Press, 2014) ISBN 1499122241
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- ^ Carrier, Emily (November 10, 1992). "Committee stresses innovative science". Columbia Spectator.
- ^ Craig, Jeffrey (May 17, 1983). "Science Hum gets $240G donation". Columbia Spectator.
- ^ Pollack, Robert (April 1, 1995). The Theory and Practice of Science - Biology. Columbia University Archives. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Insistent Change: Columbia's Core Curriculum at 100". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ McPhearson, Timon P.; Gill, Stuart P.D.; Pollack, Robert; Sable, Julia E. "Increasing Scientific Literacy in Undergraduate Education: A Case Study from "Frontiers of Science" at Columbia University" (PDF). Urban Systems Lab.
- ^ "Robert Pollack". CULPA.
- ^ Pollack, Robert (Feb 23, 2013). "Letter to the Editor". Columbia Spectator.
- ^ "Science as a Liberal Art". Columbia Spectator. April 5, 1983.
- ^ The Theory and Practice of Science. Columbia University Archives. 1 April 1985. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kelley, Darcy; Melnick, Don; Hughes, Ivana (April 11, 2012). "Refining the pursuit". Columbia Spectator.
- ^ "Frontiers of Science receives highest student course evaluation score since its founding - Columbia Spectator". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ^ "Frontiers of Science". WikiCU.
- ^ "Alexander Hamilton Medal". Columbia College Alumni Association. Columbia University. 14 December 2016.
- ^ "Annual Dinner". COLUMBIA/BARNARD HILLEL. Columbia University.
- ^ "Review of Signs of Life by Robert Pollack". Kirkus Reviews. December 1, 1993.
- ^ "Trilling and Van Doren Awards". Columbia College. Columbia University.
- ^ CRAIGLOW, ALISON (July 9, 1986). "Pollack's face graces subway walls". Columbia Spectator.
- ^ "DEAN OF COLUMBIA COMMITTED TO COEDUCATION". NY Times. November 7, 1982.
- ^ a b Katz, James C. (April 1, 1989). "Around the Quads: Robert Pollack resigns as Dean of the College". Columbia College Today.
- ^ "Class Notes: 1961". Columbia College Today. December 1, 2021.
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- ^ "Marya Pollack". Research Cluster on Science and Subjectivity. Retrieved 1 July 2023.