Shukri Mustafa
Shukri Mustafa (
Early life
Shukri was born on 1 June 1942 in
Shukri spent six years in prison, initially in
Jama'at al-Muslimin fell apart following the Muslim Brotherhood's official rejection of Qutb's theories. The group's first leader, Sheikh Ali Abduh Ismail, renounced Takfir in 1969. Shukri was soon the leader by default: he was the only remaining member.[5] He was released from prison in 1971 as part of the new president Anwar Sadat's rapprochement with the Muslim Brotherhood.[5]
Leadership of Jama'at al-Muslimin group
On his release, Shukri returned to Asyut where he finished his studies and began recruiting followers in the surrounding villages. In 1973, following the arrest of some of his followers, he took the group to live in caves in the nearby mountains, fully implementing his belief in withdrawal.[6] He felt that his group was currently too weak to take action and so adopted a policy of separation. He hoped that this would protect the community from outside influences and allow it to grow in strength.[3] By 1976 Shukri's followers numbered two thousand, mostly living in poor neighbourhoods of Cairo. They were known to the authorities but not considered a serious threat.[7]
The members were forced to cut off contact with their families, bringing about several lawsuits from family members of women who joined. They felt Shukri was in essence seducing their daughters, or in some cases wives, and thus negating Egyptian views of family.[8]
Beliefs
Shukri took an extreme position. He regarded all previous scholarship as unnecessary and rejected even the four
Shukri rejected everything that he considered tainted by jahiliyyah society, including mosques—he instructed his followers not to attend Friday prayer in them. He claimed that, while some unaffiliated mosques were acceptable, the most appropriate place to pray was at home.[10] He was indifferent to Egypt's "Anti-Zionist" struggle. When asked what he would do if Israel invaded Egypt, he responded that his group would flee rather than fight back. He considered the Egyptian Army his enemy just as much as Israel.[11] He also believed that learning to write was useless for most Egyptians, and opposed it.[12]
Unlike most similar groups, Jama'at al-Muslimin encouraged women to join. Shukri personally arranged marriages with male members and the group provided accommodation in shared lodgings. Often several couples would share a room, separated only by hanging curtains. If a married woman joined the group and her husband did not, then Shukri considered the "jahilliyah" marriage valueless and allowed her to wed again. This approach to marriage brought the group to public attention, with several media stories of family members claiming that their daughters had been stolen from them.[13]
According to authors Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, based on the "testimony of those who knew him", and what Shuqri "intimated" during his trial, "it is clear Shuqri Mustafa thought he was the Mahdi", (the prophesied messiah of Islam who will return to Earth before the Day of Judgment and, (alongside Jesus), rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny).[14]
According to
Confronting the state
In 1976 a few members left for other groups. Shukri reacted angrily. He declared them apostate and, in November, led two raids to kill them. The police intervened, detaining fourteen of his followers and issuing a warrant for Shukri's own arrest.[16][17] Surprised by the official response, Shukri demanded their release but he was ignored by the Egyptian government and ridiculed by the press. It was at this point that his group was given the label "Takfir wal-Hijra" (Excommunication and Exile). Shukri hated the term, but it was far more descriptive than the group's chosen name and became fixed in the popular consciousness.[16]
Death
Shukri was frustrated by his inability to use his new media profile to promote his views and his leadership within the group was under question. His response was to kidnap a former Egyptian government minister and mainstream Muslim cleric,
See also
- Hassan al-Banna
- Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
- Ayman al-Zawahiri
- Yusuf al-Qaradawi
- Zainab al Ghazali
References
- ^ a b Giles Kepel, Muslim extremism in Egypt: the Prophet and the Pharaoh, p. 74
- ^ Stanley, Trevor. "PWHCE Middle East Project: Shukri Mustafa and Takfir wal-Hijra". www.pwhce.org. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
- ^ a b Marc Sageman, Understanding terror networks, p. 14
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, p75
- ^ a b The Prophet and the Pharaoh, p. 76
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 76-77
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, p. 77
- ^ Sageman, p15
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 79-80 and Calvert, p282
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 81-83
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 83-84
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 84-85
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 86-89
- ^ The Age of Sacred Terror by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, pp. 90-1
- ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2017-12-05.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ a b Marc Sageman, Understanding terror networks, p. 28.
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 94-95.
- ^ a b Marc Sageman, Understanding terror networks, p. 29.
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 96-99
- ^ The Prophet and the Pharaoh, pp. 78, 97
Sources
- Kepel, Giles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam pages 83–85.
- Kepel, Giles. Muslim extremism in Egypt: the Prophet and the Pharaoh
- Marc Sageman. Understanding terror networks