State Duma
State Duma Государственная дума Gosudarstvennaya duma | ||
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First Deputy Chairmen | ||
Structure | ||
Seats | 450 | |
Political groups | Government (348)
Other parties (102)
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Length of term | 5 years | |
Elections | ||
State Duma building 1 Okhotny Ryad Street, Moscow | ||
Website | ||
duma |
The State Duma
The
In the 2007 and 2011 Russian legislative elections a full party-list proportional representation with 7% electoral threshold system was used, but this was subsequently repealed. The legislature's term length was initially 2 years in the 1993–1995 elections period, and 4 years in 1999–2007 elections period; since the 2011 elections the term length is 5 years.
History
Early history
The history of the duma dates back to the boyar dumas of Kievan Rus' and Muscovite Russia as well Tsarist Russia.[4][5][6] The State Duma of the Russian Empire was founded in 1905 after the violence and upheaval in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was Russia's first elected parliament. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868–1918) to make it active were ineffective. Subsequently, each of these Dumas was dissolved after only a few months. The third Duma was the only one to last until the end of its five-year term.
After the 1907 electoral reform, the third Duma, elected in November 1907, was largely made up of members of the upper classes, as radical influences in the Duma had almost entirely been removed. The establishment of the Duma after the
Recent history
1990s
Following the
In the
Despite the fact that the Russian Constitution states that the State Duma is elected for four years, it was decided to elect the first State Duma for two years.[7] The 1995 election resulted in a strong boost for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which became the first political party of Russia and elected 157 seats: a Communist, Gennady Seleznyov, was elected as Speaker of the State Duma. The "presidential party" Our Home – Russia won 55 seats.
During the second half of the 1990s, the Duma became an important forum for lobbying by regional leaders and businessmen looking for tax breaks and legislative favors. The work of the leading committees, such as those for defense, foreign affairs, or budget, attracted a good deal of media attention and lobbying activity.
2000s
In the early 2000s, following the 1999 parliamentary elections, the pro-presidential Unity party and the Communist Party were the leading forces in the State Duma.
After the
After the
In 2008, after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution, the term of the State Duma was increased from four to five years.
2010s
A 2016 exposé by Dissernet showed that one in nine members of the State Duma had obtained academic degrees with theses that were substantially plagiarized and likely ghostwritten.[10]
In 2018, it became known that the
2020s
After the 2021 elections, in addition to the four main parties, the New People party was also elected to the State Duma. Thus, for the first time since 1999, a five-party State Duma was formed.[14]
Powers of the State Duma
The State Duma has special powers
- Consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia.
- Hearing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its work, including on issues raised by the State Duma.
- Deciding the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation.
- Appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia.
- Appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber.
- Appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human rights, who shall act according to federal constitutional law.
- Announcement of amnesty.
- Bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment (requires a two-thirds majority).
The State Duma adopts decrees on issues relating to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Election
The legal framework that is used to elect Duma differed over the years.[15][16] Save to parliamentary election of 2007 and election of 2011 the mixed system of parallel voting was used to elect Duma. The system was restored back in February 2014 from a party-list proportional representation system enacted in 2003 with an increased threshold of 7% which was lowered this time to 5%.[16][15]
Constituencies
According to the law adopted in 2014 the Russian territory is divided into constituencies which are used for elections of single candidates per constituency. However, a single "united" constituency is used for the distribution of party-list.[17]
Procedures
Bills and laws
Bills of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All bills are first approved by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or rejected) by the Federation Council.
Relatively few
Membership
Any Russian citizen who is age 21 or older is eligible to participate in the election may be elected deputy to the State Duma.[20] However, that same person may not be a deputy to the Federation Council. In addition, a State Duma deputy cannot hold office in any other representative body of state power or bodies of local self-government. The office as deputy of the State Duma is a full-time and professional position.[21] Thus, deputies to the State Duma may not be employed in the civil service or engage in any activities for remuneration other than teaching, research or other creative activities.
Chairmen of the State Duma
- Ivan Rybkin (1994–1996)
- Gennadiy Seleznyov (1996–2003)
- Boris Gryzlov (2003–2011)
- Sergey Naryshkin (2011–2016)
- Vyacheslav Volodin (since 2016)
List of State Duma convocations
Duma | Period | Election |
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1st | 12 December 1993 – 17 December 1995 | 1993 |
2nd | 17 December 1995 – 19 December 1999 | 1995 |
3rd | 19 December 1999 – 7 December 2003 | 1999 |
4th | 7 December 2003 – 2 December 2007 | 2003 |
5th | 2 December 2007 – 4 December 2011 | 2007 |
6th | 21 December 2011 – 18 September 2016 | 2011 |
7th | 5 October 2016 – 19 September 2021 | 2016 |
8th | 12 October 2021 – present | 2021 |
Historical composition
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1993 |
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1995 |
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1999 |
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2003 |
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2007 |
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2011 |
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2016 |
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2021 |
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Latest election
A Just Russia — For Truth 4,201,744 | 7.62 | 19 | 4,882,518 | 9.19 | 8 | 27 | +4 | | |||||||||
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New People | 2,997,744 | 5.43 | 13 | 2,684,082 | 5.05 | 0 | 13 | New | |||||||||
Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice | 1,381,915 | 2.51 | 0 | 1,969,986 | 3.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Yabloko | 753,268 | 1.37 | 0 | 1,091,837 | 2.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Communists of Russia | 715,621 | 1.30 | 0 | 1,639,774 | 3.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" | 512,418 | 0.93 | 0 | 541,289 | 1.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Rodina | 450,449 | 0.82 | 0 | 829,303 | 1.56 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||
Russian Party of Freedom and Justice | 431,530 | 0.78 | 0 | 372,867 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
Green Alternative | 357,870 | 0.65 | 0 | 120,137 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
Party of Growth | 291,465 | 0.53 | 0 | 515,020 | 0.97 | 1 | 1 | +1 | |||||||||
Civic Platform | 86,964 | 0.16 | 0 | 386,663 | 0.73 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||
Independents | 646,950 | 1.22 | 5 | 5 | +4 | ||||||||||||
Total | 55,158,109 | 100.00 | 225 | 53,100,093 | 100.00 | 225 | 450 | 0 | |||||||||
Valid votes | 55,158,109 | 97.92 | 53,100,093 | 96.52 | |||||||||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,171,581 | 2.08 | 1,913,578 | 3.48 | |||||||||||||
Total votes | 56,329,690 | 100.00 | 55,013,671 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 109,204,662 | 51.58 | 108,231,085 | 50.83 | |||||||||||||
Source: CEC, CEC |
See also
- Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma
- List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office
Notes
References
- ^ ""Моя позиция с партийной солидарна". Удальцова объяснила, почему ей достался депутатский мандат Рашкина". RTVI. 24 June 2022.
- ^ "Оксана Дмитриева возглавит реготделение партии «Новые люди» в Петербурге | Санкт-Петербург". ФедералПресс (in Russian). 19 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/duma
- OCLC 7985902.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Duma". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Constitution of Russia. Second Section. Concluding and Transitional Provisions". Constitution.ru. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ISBN 9780415728300.
- ISBN 978-1-351-55269-1.
- ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the originalon 30 December 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "В Госдуме показали проект нового зала пленарных заседаний" [The State Duma showed a draft of a new plenary room]. Ria.ru (in Russian). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Представлены эскизы нового зала заседаний Госдумы" [Sketches of the new State Duma conference hall presented]. Dailystorm.ru (in Russian). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Ремонт зала в Госдуме планируют завершить к сентябрю 2020 года" [Repair of the hall in the State Duma is planned to be completed by September 2020]. TASS (in Russian). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "ЦИК утвердил окончательные итоги выборов в Госдуму". Российская Газета. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ a b "History of the State Duma". The State Duma. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Federal Law On Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" (PDF). 14 February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ ISBN 0-8020-8930-5.
- LCCN 99-059121.
- ^ "Article 97 (2)". Constitution of Russia.
- ^ "Article 97 (3)". Constitution of Russia.
External links
- Official website (in Russian)