1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (April 2022) |
The 1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots refers to a series of events that led to the massacre of
consulate in the city.Context
As early as the 1840s, there had been anti-
When Shaykh ol-Ra'is approached Isfahan, two wealthy Isfahani Baháʼí's, namely Agha Mohammad Javad who was the sarraf, i.e., "money lender" of the treasury and Mirza Ali Khan, the treasury's accountant (mostowfi) were in his service.[3] However, the most renowned cleric of Isfahan, Agha Najafi, and other mojtaheds ignored and disrespected him. Agha Mohammad Javad and other sarrafs were also engaged in other Baháʼí matters; they, for example, rescued Baháʼí's from Agha Najafi and his men. To make matters more complicated, Shaykh ol-Ra'is's sermons were considered to be popular during his month of stay in Isfahan, and his presence and preaching provided the members of the Baháʼí community with confidence and renewed activism.[3]
On 23 May 1903, a large number of Isfahani Baháʼí's, including Agha Mohammad Javad and Mirza Ali Khan, attended the funeral service of another Baháʼí money exchanger, known as Hajji Mohammad Esmail. When Agha Najafi heard about this, he sent a band of theology students (tollab) and vigilantes (lutis) to Agha Mohammad Javad and Mirza Ali Khan.[3] The group of tollabs and lutis managed to catch Agha Mohammad Javad, and he was subsequently detained and tortured. Although without proof, Najafi argued that Javad was a Bábi, and that he had seen him drinking wine two years prior and therefore had to be punished with eighty lashes. Ali Khan had managed to escape.[3]
On the night of 23 May 1903, the Isfahani Baháʼí's discussed the events and prepared an account for Baronovski, the acting Russian consul in Isfahan. The Russian consul allowed the Baháʼí's to take sanctuary (bast) in the Russian consulate of Isfahan; some 200 Baháʼí's followed the call.
Then, rumors began to spread that Agha Najafi had ordered for the destruction of the Russian consulate and to murder the "Bábi's".[5] On Friday 28 May 1903, some men surrounded the Russian consulate during the night. Mirza Ahmad Khan Fateh ol-Molk, the Iranian foreign office agent (kargozar), brought Agha Najafi to the environs of the consulate and informed the crowd to listen to what Agha Najafi ordered. The men slowly but surely withdrew from the Russian consulate with Najafi telling them gently to go about their own affairs. Realizing the change of events, the Russian consul Baronovski moved all the Baháʼí's out of the consulate and told them that he was unable to provide them with additional help. As the excited crowd had not entirely dispersed from the consulate, when the Baháʼí's moved out, they attacked them, and beat them to death. They also stole their belongings.[5] The violence against the Baháʼí's continued for several days, with continued public disorder. Many Baháʼí's who had previously kept a low profile, but now thought that they were in a safe situation to join the Baháʼí refugees, were now easy targets of attack. It would take just two months after these events centered on Isfahan and the Russian consulate for another anti-Baháʼí episode to occur (this time in Yazd).[5]
See also
References
- ^ Sadeghian 2016, p. 107.
- ^ Sadeghian 2016, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b c d e f Sadeghian 2016, p. 108.
- ^ Sadeghian 2016, pp. 108–109.
- ^ a b c Sadeghian 2016, p. 109.
Sources
- Sadeghian, Saghar (2016). "Minorities and Foreigners in a Provincial Iranian City: Bahāʾis in the Russian Consulate of Isfahan in 1903". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 107–132. .