1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania

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1948 Tripolitania riots
Part of Spillover of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
Downtown Tripoli, 1940's
Date12 June 1948
Location
Tripoli, British Tripolitania

32°54′8″N 13°11′9″E / 32.90222°N 13.18583°E / 32.90222; 13.18583
Caused byDisputes over United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
MethodsRioting, melee attacks
Parties
Libyan Jews
Casualties and losses
4-30 killed
51 injured
13–14 killed
38 injured
Part of a series on
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
Background
Antisemitism in the Arab world
Exodus by country
Remembrance
Related topics

The 1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania were riots between the antisemitic rioters and Jewish communities of Tripoli and its surroundings in June 1948, during the British Military Administration in Libya. The events resulted in 13–14 Jews and 4-30 Arabs dead and destruction of 280 Jewish homes. The events occurred during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Background

The Jews of Libya had already suffered under Italian rule during World War II and shortly after it ended, when the

bloody pogrom in Tripoli
claimed many Jewish lives three years earlier.

The

Chief Administrator, Tripoli became a transit point for both Tunisian and Algerian volunteers on their way to fight for Egypt, which had just announced no more volunteers would be accepted, as well as "ardent young Zionists" on their way to Israel.[b]

The British Public Information Office also reported "a certain aggressive spirit noticeable lately among the local Jewish youth", noting two incidents the day prior to the riots in which two Arabs were hospitalised after beatings by Jews following street accidents. This combined with the transiting volunteers "possibly provided the fuel for the outbreak which followed".[c]

The riot

The rioting began on 12 June in

previous Tripoli pogrom, the Jewish community of Tripoli had prepared to defend itself. Jewish self-defense units fought back against the Muslim rioters.[4]

According to the British reports, the rioting broke out spontaneously. The Jewish defense measures had been prepared beforehand, with the British noting signs in Hebrew stating "It is good to die for one's country", and stated that during the riots the role of the Jewish organization "was not purely defence" since "determined parties of young Jews battled with the police in efforts to break out of The Old City in order to attack Arabs".[d] The rioting began with an argument between a Jew and an Arab in central Tripoli, in which other Jews and Arabs joined in. Within half an hour a crowd of Arabs had gathered and made their way towards the Jewish Quarter of Old City (also known as the "Jewish Hara"), armed themselves with sticks and stones, following which Jewish units threw bombs into the crowd. The rioting continued for the next hour, during which Jews on rooftops retaliated, and also attacked the police forces, throwing bombs, stones and small arms fire.[e][f]

The riots resulted in the death of thirteen or fourteen Jews,[4] four Muslims, with 38 Jews and 51 Muslims being injured, and causing extensive property damage, and leaving approximately 300 families destitute.[5] Jews in the surrounding countryside and in Benghazi were subjected to additional attacks.[citation needed]

Aftermath

Main article:
Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

In November 1948, a few months after the riots, the American consul in Tripoli Orray Taft Jr. reported that: "There is reason to believe that the Jewish Community has become more aggressive as the result of the Jewish victories in Palestine. There is also reason to believe that the community here is receiving instructions and guidance from the State of Israel. Whether or not the change in attitude is the result of instructions or a progressive aggressiveness is hard to determine. Even with the aggressiveness or perhaps because of it, both Jewish and Arab leaders inform me that the inter-racial relations are better now than they have been for several years and that understanding, tolerance and cooperation are present at any top level meeting between the leaders of the two communities."[6][7]

The insecurity which arose from anti-Jewish attacks led many Jews to abandon Libya and emigrate.

had gained independence
.

See also

Notes

  1. Chief Administrator: "The proclamation of the state of Israel on 15th May 1948 aroused among the Arabs less interest then was expected and advice and pressure from B.M.A. prevented any public display of Jewish jubilation."[This quote needs a citation
    ]
  2. Chief Administrator: "But after 15th May, despite intensified frontier control by the French authorities, Tunisian and Algerian volunteers began to appear in increasing numbers in Tripoli en route for the training camps at Mersa Matruh. This gave a stimulus to local volunteering and the Tripoli Palestine Defense Committee were busily engaged in sending French and Libyan recruits Eastwards. At the same time many ardent young Zionists were departing for Italy on the first stage of their journey to Israel..... On 7th June Egypt announced she would accept no more volunteers from the West."[1]
  3. ^ British Public Information Office "It was the presence of these disgruntled visitors combined with a certain aggressive spirit noticeable lately among the local Jewish youth (two Arabs had been taken to hospital on June 11th after incidents in which they had been beaten by Jews after isolated street accidents) that possibly provided the fuel for the outbreak which followed."[This quote needs a citation]
  4. Chief Administrator
    : "Rioting broke out spontaneously and there is no evidence or suggestion of planning or preliminary organization.... This cannot be said of the Jewish defence measures. They show some evidence of preparation as a few grenades were thrown from housetops and there were occasional shots. This, together with the appearance of signs in Hebrew "It is good to die for one's country" (Appendix IV) are an indication that some form of defence organization was in existence, and its role was not purely defence, because on several occasions determined parties of young Jews battled with the police in efforts to break out of The Old City in order to attack Arabs. When the situation was back to normal Jewish shopkeepers in the New City who opened their shops were threatened by small gangs of Jewish hooligans and forced to close again. The French Consul has reported an air of toughness and truculence among his Jewish proteges and officers of the Administration who experienced the 1945 riots have noticed a hardening of moral as compared with 1945."
  5. Chief Administrator: "Police and civilian eyewitnesses have uncontestably established that this was the initial incident from which arose, within minutes, the subsequent disorders."[This quote needs a citation
    ]
  6. throwing rocks at Jews making for the Old City and others living in houses between Via Leopardi and Via Manzoni. The Jews were retaliating and had taken up positions on rooftops. Looting had started in houses nearby to the Arab crowd. A police officer and a party of police from Market Police Station turned out and on approaching the Jewish quarter from the Via Leopardi came under stone throwing from Jews on the city walls.
    A bomb was thrown at the police party from the rooftops manned by Jews. This was followed by several shots from small arms. The police party opened fire and succeeded temporarily in clearing an area between the opposing factions. A general stand-to of police was ordered at 17.40 hrs and a curfew ordered from 19.00 to 06.00hrs."[This quote needs a citation
    ]

References

  1. ^ "Libyan Constitutional Union – The Jews of Libya". www.libyanconstitutionalunion.net. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  2. ^ Staff, C. I. E. (12 June 2022). "Riots Against Jews in Tripoli Take Place". CIE. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Libyan Constitutional Union – The Jews of Libya". www.libyanconstitutionalunion.net. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  4. ^
    S2CID 253170624
    .
  5. ^ "The Jewish Community of Tripoli, Libya". dbs.anumuseum.org.il. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  6. ^ Fischbach 2008, p. 68.
  7. ^ NARA RG 84, Libya— Tripoli, General Records 1948–49; file 800–833, Taft to Secretary of State (23 November 1948)
  8. S2CID 145345386
    .
  9. ^ History of the Jewish Community in Libya Archived 18 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 July 2006

Bibliography

Further reading

  • The disturbances in Tripoli of 12th June 1948, "An Account issued by the Public Information Office drawn from official and semi-official sources, and the reports of eyewitnesses.", File No: FO 160/98, Dated: 12 June 1948
  • Appendix to Police Report on Disorders, Colonel A. Saunders, Commissioner of Police, File No: FO 160/98, Document ref: S.15/1, 12 June 1948
  • Personal Observations on Police Action, Colonel A. Saunders, Commissioner of Police, File No: FO 160/98, Dated: 19 June 1948
  • Arab-Jewish Disturbances Tripoli,
    Brigadier T.R. Blackley
    , Chief Administrator of the British Military Administration in Tripolitania, File No: FO 160/98, Document ref: 18/B/16/6, Dated: 23 June 1948
  • Fischbach, Michael (2013), Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries, Columbia,
    ISBN 9780231517812
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