28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno"

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28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno"
Breech
horizontal sliding-wedge
Recoilhydro-pneumatic
Carriage2 x 5-axle trucks
Elevation+0° to 45°
Traverse2° 15' (E. u. B.)
180° (Bettungsschiessgerüst)
360° on platform
Muzzle velocity740–785 m/s (2,430–2,580 ft/s)
Maximum firing range20,050–27,500 m (21,930–30,070 yd)

The 28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno" (SK — Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon) L — Länge (with a 40

Gironde Estuary
for the rest of the war.

Design and history

These

equilibrators to perform the same function. In 1917, the first four guns, formerly used on SMS Lothringen, were placed in firing platform (Bettungsschiessgerüst) mountings for coast defense duty as part of Batterie Graf Spee on the island of Wangerooge.[1]

The firing platform was a semi-portable mount that could be emplaced anywhere after several weeks of labor to prepare the position. It rotated on a pivot at the front of the mount. The rear was supported by rollers resting on a semicircular rail and was generally equipped with a gun shield.[2]

Twenty guns, from the battleships Braunschweig, Hessen, Preussen, Deutschland, Schlesien, and Schleswig-Holstein were mounted on the railroad and firing platform (Eisenbahn und Bettungsschiessgerüst) (E. u. B.) mounts successfully used by other German railroad guns.[3]

Note the prominent housing for the screw jack on the front of the mount and how the forward end of the ammunition car's roof has been slid back

The E. u. B. could fire from any suitable section of track after curved wedges were bolted to the track behind each wheel to absorb any residual recoil after the gun cradle recoiled backwards. It also had a pintle built into the underside of the front of the mount. Two large rollers were fitted to the underside of the mount at the rear. Seven cars could carry a portable metal firing platform (Bettungslafette) that had a central pivot mount and an outer rail. It was assembled with the aid of a derrick or crane, which took between three and five days, and railroad tracks were laid slightly past the firing platform to accommodate the front bogies of the gun. The gun was moved over the firing platform and then lowered into position after the central section of rail was removed. After the gun's pintle was bolted to the firing platform's pivot mount, the entire carriage was jacked up so that the trucks and their sections of rail could be removed. The carriage was then lowered so that the rear rollers rested on the outer track. Concrete versions were also used. It could have up to 360° of traverse.[4]

Ammunition

Ammunition was moved by means of an overhead rail from which a shell trolley carried individual shells to be placed in the loading tray fixed to the

breech. An extensible rail could be raised and braced in place to allow the shell trolley to reach shells placed on the ground or in an ammunition car behind the mount. This ammunition car sometimes had its own overhead rail to move the shells forward to where the trolley in the mount could reach it through a hatch in the roof. The shell and powder were manually rammed into the gun.[5] The gun had to be loaded at zero elevation and thus needed to be re-aimed between each shot. It used the German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first.[6]

Shell name Weight Filling Weight Muzzle velocity Range
base-fused
high-explosive shell (Sprenggranate L/2.9 m. Bdz.)[a]
 240 kg (530 lb) 15.9 kg (35 lb) (
HE
) 		785 m/s (2,580 ft/s) 20,050 m (21,930 yd)
nose- and base-fused
HE shell with ballistic cap (Sprenggranate L/4.4 m. Bdz. u. Kz. (mit Haube))[b]
 284 kg (626 lb) 22.9 kg (50 lb) (
TNT
) 		740 m/s (2,400 ft/s) 27,750 m (30,350 yd)

Combat history

Amiens gun on display in Canberra

The Navy kept most of the "Brunos" and used them on coast-defense duties, mainly in Occupied Flanders to protect the ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. Sailor Artillery Regiment (German: Matrosen Artillerie Regiment) 1 defended the latter with Batteries Hessen (3[7] or 4[8] guns) and Braunschweig (4 x "Brunos"). Those same sources disagree about the number of guns assigned to Batteries Hannover (3 or 4[9][c] "Brunos") and Preussen (4 guns) defending Ostende under the command of Sailor Artillery Regiment 2. Battery Rossbach, with 2 guns, saw service against the British during the German spring offensive in March–April 1918. Only two "Brunos" were given to the Army - they served in Battery 746 and Bavarian Battery (German: Bayerische Batterie) 1005.[10] The latter gun, on E. u. B. mount No. 7, formerly carried by Hessen, was captured by the Australian Army on 8 August 1918.[11] Its barrel is preserved today in Canberra, Australia, as the Amiens Gun.[12]

After the

Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, a battery of four "Brunos" stationed in Belgium sought asylum in the Netherlands. They were given to Belgium as reparations.[11] Six were destroyed in 1921–22 by the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control.[13]

After the surrender of Belgium on 28 May 1940, two "Brunos" were used by Battery 655 between 8 and 10 June to fire on

Gironde Estuary under the command of Artillery Group Gironde-South (German: Artilleriegruppe Gironde-Süd).[15][16] The battery was able to retreat to Germany by 1 September 1944 after the invasion of Normandy began in June 1944, but nothing is known of its activities afterwards.[17]

Notes

  1. ^ The abbreviations stand for "mit Bodenzünder" (with base fuse).
  2. ^ The other abbreviations stand for "und Kopfzünder" (and nose fuse).
  3. ^ although the Battery isn't covered explicitly.

References

  1. ^ François, p. 30
  2. ^ François, p. 38
  3. ^ François, pp. 30–31
  4. ^ Miller, pp. 475–476
  5. ^ Miller, pp. 496–497
  6. ^ Kosar, p. 209
  7. ^ Rolf 2004, pp. 139–140
  8. ^ François, p. 8
  9. ^ Miller, p. 758
  10. ^ François, p. 12
  11. ^ a b François, p. 31
  12. ^ Buckland, pp. 137–142
  13. ^ François, p. 47
  14. ^ François, p. 54
  15. ^ Rolf 1998, p. 377
  16. ^ François, p. 62
  17. ^ François, p. 68

Sources

  • Buckland, J. L. (1978). "The Amiens Railway Gun Story". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin (July). Australian Railway Historical Society.
  • François, Guy. Eisenbahnartillerie: Histoire de l'artillerie lourd sur voie ferrée allemande des origines à 1945. Paris: Editions Histoire et Fortifications, 2006
  • Jäger, Herbert. German Artillery of World War One. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2001
    ISBN 1-86126-403-8
  • Kosar, Franz. Eisenbahngeschütz der Welt. Stuttgart: Motorbook, 1999
    ISBN 3-613-01976-0
  • Miller, H. W., Lt. Col. Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volume I Washington: Government Print Office, 1921
  • Rolf, Rudi (1998). Der Atlantikwall: Bauten der deutschen Küstenbefestigungen 1940–1945. Osnabrück: Biblio.
    ISBN 3-7648-2469-7
    .
  • Rolf, Rudi (2004). A Dictionary on Modern Fortification: An Illustrated Lexicon on European Fortification in the Period 1800–1945. Middleburg, Netherlands: PRAK.
  • Schmalenbach, Paul (1983). "German Navy Large Bore Guns Operational Ashore During World War I". Warship International. XX (2): 123–153.
    ISSN 0043-0374
    .

External links

Media related to 28 cm L/40 Bruno at Wikimedia Commons

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