Infantry support gun

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Infantry support guns or battalion guns are

autocannons, other combat vehicles, mortars, recoilless rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, and shoulder-launched missiles
.

Infantry support guns

Development history

Infantry support guns were the first type of artillery employed by

regimental guns of the 17th century as well as the leather cannon, notably in the army of Gustavus Adolphus.[3] The light field guns of the 17th century, commonly known as a drake in England, came in almost 100 different calibres,[4] with each having its own distinct name, some of which were:[5]

5-pound, 3+1⁄2-inch saker, weighing 1 ton
4-pound, 3-inch minion, weighing 3⁄4 ton
2-pound, 2+3⁄4-inch
falcon
, weighing 1⁄4 ton
1-pound, 2-inch falconet, weighing 200 pounds (91 kg)
3⁄4-pound, 1+1⁄4-inch robinet, weighing 100 pounds (45 kg)

The saker and falcon had point-blank ranges of 330 and 290 metres (360 and 320 yd), and 1,980 and 1,760 metres (2,170 and 1,920 yd) extreme ranges respectively.[5]

Although

horse team
that survived until the late 19th century.

17th- to 19th-century development

The first School of Artillery in Venice was opened early in the 16th century,[6] and by the late 17th century the different old names of the lighter ordnance were abandoned, and replaced with the French canon, or cannon.

The first regimental guns in English service were ordered by King

infantryman,[9] a load which remains at the upper limit of the average light infantry
unit requirement today.

The 3-pounder Grasshopper cannon was in use with British forces in the 18th century. Each British infantry battalion had an officer and 34 non commissioned officers and other ranks trained by the Royal Artillery to handle the two 3- or light 6-pounder guns battalion guns.[10]

Frederick the Great of Prussia was the first to introduce artillery tactics for the regimental guns which were to accompany the infantry units as part of his reform of the Prussian artillery as a whole before and during the Seven Years' War.[11] This included the determination that canister shot was only effective at a range of 100 yards, same as that of the musket range, and therefore put the gunners into the environment of direct infantry combat due to Frederick's insistence that artillery should participate in the infantry attack.[12]

In 1732 Florent-Jean de Vallière standardized French artillery ordnance (barrels) into five calibers. The lightest piece was the Vallière 4-pounder and the heavier cannons were 8-, 12-, 16- and 24-pounders. The 4-pounder proved too heavy to be employed as a battalion gun so Swedish 4-pounders were used for that purpose beginning in 1757. Two years later the French began using the 1-pdr Rostaing gun but it only had limited service.[13]

Manufacture of the ordnance was also revolutionised by the early-18th century invention of the boring mechanism by the Swiss gun-founder Moritz of Geneva which allowed for a far greater precision achieved in the casting, in essence creating a huge lathe on which the barrel casting turned instead of the boring tool.[14] Manufacture of cannonballs was also improved so the projectiles were now well-fitted to the bore of the ordnance, and after conducting experiments with gunpowder, the powder charges were determined to be one-third the weight of the shot (cannonball).[15]

Frederick's artillery

Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, the first Inspector of Artillery, after conducting trials in Strasbourg, reorganised French artillery units to provide them with greater mobility, changing length of the barrels to standard 18-calibre length, including the regimental 4-pounders. These were now pulled by four horses and used large six-wheeled vehicles that also included the caissons. The system of ordnance, carriages, ball, and powder charges introduced by de Gribeauval remained virtually unaltered through the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars
.

General Augustin Lespinasse on battalion guns: "If you want to prevent your troops from manouevering, embarrass them with guns ... A line of infantry supported by good, properly established batteries retains its order of battle better"[16]

20th-century development

German stormtroopers with a modified Russian M1909 mountain gun, c.1916–1918

Infantry support guns drew much interest in course of World War I because of the developments in trench warfare. In addition to the usual requirements that they needed to be portable enough to be carried by infantry, two separate capabilities were desired. First, it needed to engage in high angle indirect fire, especially given the prevalence of trenches. Second, it needed to be capable of low angle direct fire, while being carried by assault infantry, to engage strongpoints, bunkers, and other fortifications. Some infantry support guns that appeared between world wars, such as the German

WWII.[17]

List of infantry support guns

Main article: List of infantry support guns

Belgium

The Canon de 76 FRC was a Belgian infantry support gun, produced by the Fonderie Royale des Canons (FRC). The gun was typically of 76 mm calibre; however, an optional 47 mm barrel could be fitted instead. The gun was designed for transport via a trailer towed by a vehicle. In 1940, the Wehrmacht redesignated these as 7.6 cm IG 260(b).

France

The Canon d'Infantrie de 37 modele 1916 TRP (37mm mle.1916) was a French infantry support gun, first used during World War I. The gun was used by a number of forces during and after the war. The US acquired a number of these guns, which they designated 37mm M1916; however, by 1941 the US Army had put these into storage (or scrapped them). Poland fielded a number. In 1940, the Wehrmacht began using these as 3.7 cm IG 152(f). During the First World War, the Japanese Type 11 was based on this design.

Germany

Japan

Imperial Russia

Italy

Soviet Union

United Kingdom

  • 1.59 inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II
    ("Vickers-Crayford rocket gun")

United States

Modern times

Very few support guns are still in service with infantry units, as their roles have been largely replaced by

howitzers, and mortars. Heavier wire-guided missiles
are used to engage point targets, such as structures.

Most

pack guns (guns designed to be disassembled into multiple parts for easier movement over terrain) and airborne guns (guns designed for use by paratroopers
by being either disassemblable for deployment or especially light, or both) are infantry support guns, but these types are also obsolete.

See also

Citations and notes

  1. ^ p. 11, Rogers
  2. ^ p. 36, Rogers
  3. ^ p. 39, Rogers
  4. ^ pp. 551–552, The Corps of Royal Engineers
  5. ^ a b p. 43, Rogers
  6. ^ p. 41, Deane
  7. ^ p. 45, Rogers
  8. ^ p. 46, Rogers
  9. ^ p. 47, Rogers
  10. ^ p. 21 Haythornwaite
  11. ^ pp. 54–55, Rogers
  12. ^ pp. 56–57, Rogers
  13. ^ Chartrand & Hutchins 2003, p. 4.
  14. ^ p. 137, Hicks
  15. ^ pp. 57–58, Rogers
  16. ^ p. 340 Chandler
  17. ^ Walter S Zapotoczny JR (21 December 2017). "Strafbattalion: Hitler's Penal Battalions - Walter S. Zapotoczny Jr. - Google Książki".

Cited works and general references

Further reading
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