Act of state doctrine

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"Act of state" redirects here. For other uses, see State act (disambiguation).

The act-of-state doctrine is a principle in international law whereby acts done by a state in its own territory cannot be challenged by the national courts of another state.[1][2][3]

As a principle of federal common law in the United States which states, in circumstances where it applies, that courts in the United States will not rule on the validity of another government's (formal) sovereign act with respect to property located within the latter's own territory.[4] The act-of-state doctrine enters consideration most often in cases where a foreign sovereign has expropriated the property of a U.S. national located in that foreign territory (e.g. through nationalization).

Background

The act of state doctrine entered into American jurisprudence in the case Underhill v. Hernandez,

José Manuel "Mocho" Hernández expelled the existing Venezuelan government and took control of Ciudad Bolívar, where plaintiff Underhill lived and ran a waterworks system for the city. Underhill, an American citizen, repeatedly applied to Hernández for an exit passport, but his requests were refused, and Underhill was forced to stay in Ciudad Bolívar and run the waterworks. Hernández finally relented and allowed Underhill to return to the United States, where he instituted an action to recover damages for his detention in Venezuela. In finding for the defendant, a New York Court determined that Hernández had acted in his official capacity as a military commander so his actions were those of the Venezuelan government. The court therefore refused to hear Underhill's claim against the government based on the act of state doctrine. The court reasoned, "Every sovereign state is bound to respect the independence of every other sovereign state, and the courts of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of another, done within its own territory."[6]

Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino

In

which?] Mark Feldman Oral History, Association for diplomatic Studies and Training p. 50 https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Feldman.Mark.pdf?swcfpc=1

Second Hickenlooper Amendment

In response to the outcome of the case, Congress enacted 22 U.S.C. § 2370, more commonly referred to as the "Second Hickenlooper Amendment", named after the bill's sponsor, Bourke B. Hickenlooper, an Iowa Senator. Generally, under the Hickenlooper Amendment, courts are not to apply the act of state doctrine as a bar against hearing cases of expropriation by a foreign sovereign. There is an exception if the Executive requests that the courts consider the act of state doctrine because foreign policy interests may be damaged by judicial interference:

this subparagraph shall not be applicable ... (2) in any case with respect to which the President determines that application of the act of state doctrine is required in that particular case by the foreign policy interests of the United States and a suggestion to this effect is filed on his behalf in that case with the court.[7]

English law

The foreign act of state doctrine applies in English law.

Commercial Court ruled that it also applies in English arbitration.[9][10]
[edit to explain origins and application in English law]

Canadian law

In Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya (2020), the Supreme Court of Canada established that the act of state doctrine does not apply in Canadian law.[11] Instead, the jurisprudence of conflict of laws and judicial restraint has "completely subsumed" the act of state doctrine.[11]

Eichmann trial

See also: Eichmann trial

While on trial in Israel for crimes committed during the Holocaust,

Israeli Supreme Court
rejected this defense, stating:

[T]here is no basis for the doctrine when the matter pertains to acts prohibited by the law of nations, especially when they are international crimes of the class of "crimes against humanity" (in the wider sense). Of such odious acts it must be said that in point of international law they are completely outside the “sovereign” jurisdiction of the State that ordered or ratified their commission, and therefore those who participated in such acts must personally account for them and cannot shelter behind the official character of their task or mission, or behind the “Laws” of the State by virtue of which they purported to act.[12]

See also

References

  1. ISSN 0002-9300
    .
  2. ^ Iglesias, Alfonso (2020). "Act of State Doctrine". Oxford Bibliographies.
  3. ISSN 0002-9300
    .
  4. ^ Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964). The doctrine is not required by international law or the U.S. Constitution, 3rd Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States, §443, comment g (citing Sabbatino: "the act of state doctrine . . . must be treated exclusively as an aspect of federal law," 376 U.S. at 425, and stating that "State courts are bound by the federal doctrine, and a decision of a State court sitting in judgment on the act of a foreign state would be subject to review by the Supreme Court.")
  5. ^ Curtis A. Bradley and Jack L. Goldsmith. Foreign Relations Law, 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2011. p96
  6. ^ Underhill v. Hernandez, 168 U.S. 250, 252 (1897).
  7. ^ 22 U.S.C. 2370(e)(2)
  8. ^ United Kingdom Supreme Court, Belhaj and another (Respondents) v Straw and others (Appellants); Rahmatullah (No 1) (Respondent) v Ministry of Defence and another (Appellants) 17 January 2017, accessed 26 July 2018
  9. ISBN 978-0-324-78669-9
    .
  10. ^ Chalk, E., et al, A reliable decision: foreign act of state doctrine applies in English arbitration, published 16 July 2018, accessed 23 July 2018
  11. ^ a b Nevsun Resources Ltd. v. Araya, 2020 SCC 5
  12. ^ "Eichmann Supreme Court judgment: 50 years on, its significance today" (PDF). 6 June 2012.

External links

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