Adah Belle Thoms
Adah Belle Thoms | |
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Adah Belle Samuels Thoms (January 12, 1870 – February 21, 1943) was an
Biography
Thoms was born Adah Belle Samuels in Richmond, Virginia, to Harry and Melvina Samuels.[5]
As a young woman, she married briefly, and kept the surname Thoms. Before she became a nurse, she was a school teacher in Richmond, Virginia, and then in the 1890s, she went to New York, to study elocution and speech at Cooper Union.[6] She then studied nursing at the Women's Infirmary and School of Therapeutic Massage, graduating in 1900 as the only black woman in a class of thirty.[6]
Thoms continued her education at the Lincoln Hospital and Home School of Nursing, a school for black women, graduating in 1905. Although she served as acting director between 1906 and 1923, racist policies prevented her receiving the official title of director.[6]
Thoms became involved in international efforts to advance the nursing profession, attending the International Council of Nurses in 1912.[6]
In the first part of the 20th century, Thoms worked with
Thoms served as president of the NACGN from 1916 to 1923,
Thoms was received at the White House by President and Mrs. Warren G. Harding in 1921, during the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurse Convention in Washington, D.C.[5]
In 1923, she remarried, to Henry Smith, who died within the year.[5]
Adah Belle Samuels Thoms died in New York City, February 21, 1943.
Nursing profession
Thoms moved to Harlem, New York in 1893 to pursue her aspirations to become a nurse.[8] This was mainly because African Americans had a better opportunity for advancement up North. Thoms enrolled in a nursing course at the Women's Infirmary and School of Therapeutic Massage as a start to nursing.
In 1903, Thoms entered the program and was offered the position as head nurse of one of the surgical wards in 1904. In 1905, Thoms was hired as the head nurse at the Lincoln Hospital and Home. A year later, she was promoted to superintendent of nurses and acting director and kept the positions until she retired in 1923.[8]
Civil rights and black feminist activism
Thoms served as an acting director of Lincoln Hospital and Home School of Nursing from 1906 to 1923 and was never promoted to full director because of racial discrimination.[6]
In 1908, Adah met Martha Minerva Franklin, who at the time was striving towards holding a conference for 52 graduate black nurses. Franklin wanted the support of Lincoln School for Nurses Alumnae Association, who eventually sponsored the meeting. The idea of establishing an organization for African-American nurses attracted Thoms, leading to the development of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses.[8]
Because of Thoms' experience with discrimination, it drove her to start the NACGN with Franklin in order for African-American nurses to achieve higher professional standards and develop leadership among black nurses.[8]
Recognitions
- Mary Mahoney Medal, 1936, the first recipient of the award from the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses[3][9]
See also
- Lincoln School for Nurses
- National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses
- Harlem Hospital School of Nursing
References
Footnotes
- ^ Charlotte Danforth, American Heirloom Baby Names : Classic Names to Choose with Pride, New York : New American Library, c2006, p.4
- ^ a b About the American Nursing Association Hall of Fame Archived December 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Biography, Adah Belle Samuel Thoms (1870-1943) Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, American Nursing Association, Hall of Fame (last visited Feb. 11, 2008).
- ^ Sandra, Lewenson (1993). Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920. Garland Publishing. p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e f Adah Belle Samuels Thoms biography, Virginia Nursing Hall of Fame.
- ^ a b c d e f Sandra Beth Lewenson, Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920 (1996), p.53.
- ^ Linda C. Andrist, "The History of the Relationship Between Feminism and Nursing", Nursing Ideas, ed. by Linda C. Andrist, Patrice K. Nicholas, Karen, Jones & Bartlett (2005), p.11.
- ^ a b c d Darraj, Susan Muaddi (2005). Mary Eliza Mahoney and the Legacy of African-American Nurses. Chelsea House Publishers.
- ^ Davis, 1999, p.227
Bibliography
- Mary Elizabeth Carnegie, The Path We Tread: Blacks in Nursing Worldwide,1854-1994 (Second Edition, National League for Nursing Press)
- Althea T. Davis, Early Black American Leaders in Nursing: Architects for Integration and Equality, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 1999 (ISBN 0-7637-1009-1(study of Mary Eliza Mahoney, Martha Minerva Franklin, and Adah Belle Samuels Thoms)
- Darlene Clark Hine, Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession, 1890-1950 (Indiana University Press, 1989)
- Mabel Keaton Staupers, No Time for Prejudice: A Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States, Macmillan, 1961
- Adah Belle Samuels Thoms, The Pathfinders: A History of the Progress of Colored Graduate Nurses (1929) (first history of African American nurses)
- "Thoms, Adah Belle Samuels", Black Women in America, 2d edition (Oxford University Press)