Adaptive market hypothesis
The adaptive market hypothesis, as proposed by
Under this approach, the traditional models of modern financial economics can coexist with behavioral models. This suggests that investors are capable of an optimal dynamic
Details
According to Lo,[3] the adaptive market hypothesis can be viewed as a new version of the efficient market hypothesis, derived from evolutionary principles:
Prices reflect as much information as dictated by the combination of environmental conditions and the number and nature of "species" in the economy.
By
If multiple members of a single group are competing for rather
Market efficiency cannot be evaluated in a vacuum, but is highly context-dependent and dynamic. Shortly stated, the degree of market efficiency is related to environmental factors characterizing market ecology, such as the number of competitors in the market, the magnitude of profit opportunities available, and the adaptability of the market participants. Lo[1] assumes that preference drives the system rather than vice versa.
Implications
The adaptive market hypothesis has several implications that differentiate it from the efficient market hypothesis:
- To the extent that a relation between risk and reward exists, it is unlikely to be stable over time. This relation is influenced by the relative sizes and preferences of populations and by institutional aspects. As these factors change, any risk/reward relation is likely to change as well.
- There are opportunities for arbitrage.
- Investment strategies—including quantitatively, fundamentally and technically based methods—will perform well in certain environments and poorly in others. An example is risk arbitrage, which has been unprofitable for some time after the decline in investment banking in 2001. As M&A activities increased, risk arbitrage regained its popularity.
- The primary objective is survival; profit and utility maximization are secondary. When a multiplicity of capabilities that work under different environmental conditions evolves, investment managers are less prone to become extinct after rapid changes.
- The key to survival is innovation: as the risk/reward relation varies, the better way of achieving a consistent level of expected returns is to adapt to changing market conditions.
Evidence
Evidence[4] shows that hedge funds profit from trading with less sophisticated investors but also make the profitable trades endogenously risky, consistent with the premise of the adaptive market hypothesis that the risk and returns are determined endogenously as different species of investors trade with one another.
Applications
Evolution of Stock markets, Commodities, Energy Investments, Precious Metals, and Islamic Calendar Anomalies
In 2017, researchers from Bahria University first time related the Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) to Islamic holidays and political regimes. The authors found returns from stock markets vary across Islamic holidays, and different Political regimes (Military and Civilian) hence, financial markets exhibit adaptive behavior and support AMH.[5] Similarly, during his Ph.D., Shahid (2019) first time linked the Islamic financial Anomalies (month of Ramadan Effect) with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis. He proved the time-varying predictability of the month of Ramadan Effect in adaptive markets at firm levels.[6] Moreover, he first time investigated the behavior of returns from commodities, precious metals, and energy under the umbrella of AMH and different prevailing COVID-19 conditions, and elucidated certain COVID-19 conditions proved more conducive to the performance of returns from commodities (Agriculture), precious metals, and energy. Hence, he supported the AMH.[7]
Evolution of Bitcoin
In 2018, researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (ISM Dhanbad) published the study
The paper first examines the hypothesis for the case. Secondly, it implements the Dominguez–Lobato consistent test and generalized spectral test in a rolling window framework to capture evolving linear and nonlinear dependence in bitcoin prices.
The study finds that linear and nonlinear dependence evolves with time. However, their findings contradict the Brauneis and Mestel (2018) study[9] on this topic, which concluded that the market is either efficient or inefficient. So it follows that the evidence of dynamic efficiency adheres to the proposition of the adaptive market hypothesis.
See also
- Adaptive expectations
- Agent-based computational economics
- Behavioral economics
- Behavioral Strategy
- Financial economics § Challenges and criticism
- Information cascade
- Noisy market hypothesis
- Random walk hypothesis § A non-random walk hypothesis
Notes
Reference
- Shahid, M. N., & Sattar, A. (2017). The behavior of calendar anomalies, market conditions, and adaptive market hypothesis: evidence from Pakistan stock exchange. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 11(2), 471-504.
- Shahid, M. N. (2019). The behavior of stock return, calendar effects, and adaptive market hypothesis (AHM): evidence from Pakistan by using historic data with special focus on Gregorian and Islamic calendar (Doctoral dissertation, PhD Thesis).
- Shahid, M. N. (2022). COVID-19 and adaptive behavior of returns: evidence from commodity markets. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 1-15.
- S2CID 14128508.
- SSRN 1702447.
- Khuntia, Sashikanta; Pattanayak, J.K. (2018). "Adaptive market hypothesis and evolving predictability of bitcoin". Economics Letters. 167: 26–28. S2CID 158970259.
- Brauneis, Alexander; Mestel, Roland (2018). "Price discovery of cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin and beyond". Economics Letters. 165: 58–61. .
- Cho, Thummim (2020). "Turning Alphas into Betas: Arbitrage and Endogenous Risk" (PDF). Journal of Financial Economics. 137 (2): 550–570. SSRN 3430041.