Alton Lemon

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Alton Lemon
BornOctober 19, 1928
Jenkintown, Pennsylvania
NationalityAmerican

Alton Toussaint Lemon (19 October 1928 – 4 May 2013) was a

U.S. Supreme Court case on the separation of church and state.[1] His was a recipient of the "First Amendment Hero" award and was the first African American head of the Philadelphia Ethical Society.[2][3]

Early life and education

Lemon was born on October 19, 1928, in

Atlanta, Georgia, attending public schools there through the tenth grade. He later graduated from a private high school in Lawrenceville, Virginia.[4] He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1950 from Morehouse College.[4] In 1951, he married Augusta Ramsey, a nurse, in Birmingham, Alabama.[4] The couple then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she had obtained work.[4] They had a son, Anthony George and two grandchildren, Ayanna and Athena.[1][4] In 1965, he received a master's degree in social work from the University of Pennsylvania.[4]

Career and views

Lemon served for two years in the

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[4] He worked for local community organizations, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Energy (as an equal opportunity and training officer), retiring in 1987.[4][5] He remained active in retirement serving as the first African American head of the Philadelphia Ethical Society and president of the Philadelphia chapter of the Morehouse College Alumni Association.[4][6]

At this point in my life I seriously wonder why we have religion. I am not so sure it does more good than harm. I think that the battle for church-state separation has to be a continuing fight.

—Alton Lemon[7]

Lemon described his philosophy as, "'ethical humanism'—reliance on reason in conducting human affairs."[3] He received the "First Amendment Hero" award in 2003 from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, which also recognized him as an "honorary officer".[6][2]

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Main article: Lemon v. Kurtzman

Lemon was the named lead plaintiff in Lemon v. Kurtzman a 1971 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a Pennsylvania law allowing public tax funds to be paid to

United States Constitution.[8] It is one of the most highly cited Supreme Court decisions.[3][9] The decision established the Lemon Test a three-pronged evaluation of legislation related to religion.[8][10] The Lemon Test has been applied in Supreme Court cases involving prayer at graduations and other school functions, public displays of religious symbols and the notable case on teaching intelligent design in schools, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.[11]

Lemon was asked to join the case after criticizing the Pennsylvania law at a Philadelphia meeting of the

African American was related to the background of a push back against school desegregation at the time.[1][14] Thirty years after the decision Lemon was displeased at the erosion of the precedent stating, "separation of church and state is gradually losing ground, I regret to say."[1][3] While he never sought public recognition for his involvement with the Supreme Court case, in 2004 he expressed satisfaction with the decision and pride in his participation.[7]

Death

Lemon died of Alzheimer's disease on May 4, 2013, in Rydal Park, near Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.[4] He donated his body to science.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Liptak, Adam (2013-05-26). "Alton T. Lemon, civil rights activist, dies at 84". The New York Times (obituary). Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  2. ^ a b "Alton Lemon – 'First Amendment Hero' award – 2003". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  3. ^ a b c d e Slobodzian, Joseph A. (2003-06-29). "Church-state precedent has roots in Phila". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cook, Bonnie L. (2013-06-09). "Alton T. Lemon; case on state aid set U.S. precedent". The Philadelphia Inquirer (obituary). Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  5. ISBN 9780595287895
    .
  6. ^ a b Barker, Dan; Gaylor, Annie Laurie; FFRF Co-Presidents (2013-05-23). "We've lost Alton Lemon, but Lemon Test lives". Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF). Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  7. ^ a b Hudson, David L. Jr. (2004-05-19). "Lemon plaintiff, out of limelight, still tracks church-state issues". First Amendment Center. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  8. ^ a b Lemon v. Kurtzman 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
  9. ^ Marmion, Shane (2009-02-16). "Most-cited U.S. Supreme Court cases in HeinOnline – Part II". HeinOnline. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  10. ISBN 9780195311891
    .
  11. ^ "Thank You, Alton Lemon (1928–2013)". Center for Inquiry. 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  12. ISBN 9781461675433
    .
  13. ISBN 9781136919565
    .
  14. ISBN 9780802864659
    .
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