Ama-gi

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the city in Japan, see Amagi, Fukuoka.
Sumerian cuneiform

Ama-gi is a Sumerian word written 𒂼𒄄 ama-gi4 or 𒂼𒅈𒄄 ama-ar-gi4. Sumerians used it to refer to release from obligations, debt, slavery, taxation, or punishment. Ama-gi has been regarded as the first known written reference to the concept of freedom, and has been used in modern times as a symbol for libertarianism.

Sumerian use

Enmetena
's foundation stone contains the first known mention of the word Ama-gi

Ama-gi has been translated as "freedom", as well as "manumission", "exemption from debts or obligations",[1] and "the restoration of persons and property to their original status" including the remission of debts.[2] Other interpretations include a "reversion to a previous state"[3] and release from debt, slavery, taxation or punishment.[4]

The word originates from the noun ama "mother" (sometimes with the

present participle gi4 "return, restore, put back", thus literally meaning "returning to mother".[5] Assyriologist Samuel Noah Kramer has identified it as the first known written reference to the concept of freedom. Referring to its literal meaning "return to the mother", he wrote in 1963 that "we still do not know why this figure of speech came to be used for 'freedom'."[6]

The earliest known usage of the word was in the decree of

Enmetena restoring "the child to his mother and the mother to her child."[7] By the Third Dynasty of Ur, it was used as a legal term for the manumission of individuals.[7]

In some cuneiform texts, it is translated by the Akkadian word andurāru(m), meaning "freedom", "exemption" and "release from (debt) slavery".[3][8][9]

Modern libertarian use

A number of

cuneiform glyph as a symbol claiming it is "the earliest-known written appearance of the word 'freedom' or 'liberty.'"[10] It is used as a logo by the Instituto Político para la Libertad of Peru,[11] the New Economic School – Georgia,[12] Libertarian publishing firm Liberty Fund,[13] and was the name and logo of the journal of the London School of Economics' Hayek Society.[14] British musician Frank Turner and Alberta premier Danielle Smith
have the symbol tattooed on their forearms.

References

  1. ISBN 978-0978642907
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0199557301
    .
  3. ^ a b "amargi". Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
  4. ^ Åke W. Sjöberg, ed. (1998). The Sumerian Dictionary of the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Philadelphia. pp. 200–201, 208–210.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
  6. ISBN 0226452387
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1317544944
    .
  8. S2CID 162196494
    .
  9. ISBN 978-3447042642
    .
  10. ^ "Our Logo | Liberty Fund". libertyfund.org. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  11. ^ "Instituto Politico para la Libertad – Inicio". iplperu.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  12. ^ "New Economic School – Georgia". Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  13. ^ "Trademark Electronic Search System". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
  14. ^ "Trademark Electronic Search System". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011.
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