Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion

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Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion (also antiproton-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion) is a variation of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel to initiate a nuclear chain reaction for propulsion when the fuel does not normally have a critical mass.

Technically, the process is not a '"catalyzed'" reaction because

catalyst the particles would be unchanged by the process and used to initiate further reactions. Although antimatter particles may be produced by the reaction itself, they are not used to initiate or sustain chain reactions.[1][2]

Description

Typical nuclear pulse propulsion has the downside that the minimal size of the engine is defined by the minimal size of the

lithium deuteride
, and tritium (which is created during the reaction as lithium is transmuted to tritium). There is a minimal size for the primary (about 10 kilograms for plutonium-239) to achieve critical mass. More powerful devices scale up in size primarily through the addition of fusion fuel for the secondary. Of the two, the fusion fuel is much less expensive and gives off far fewer radioactive products, so from a cost and efficiency standpoint, larger bombs are much more efficient. However, using such large bombs for spacecraft propulsion demands much larger structures able to handle the stress. There is a tradeoff between the two demands.

By injecting a small amount of

subcritical mass of fuel (typically plutonium or uranium) fission of the fuel can be forced. An anti-proton has a negative electric charge, just like an electron, and can be captured in a similar way by a positively charged atomic nucleus. The initial configuration, however, is not stable and radiates energy as gamma rays. As a consequence, the anti-proton moves closer and closer to the nucleus until their quarks can interact, at which point the anti-proton and a proton are both annihilated. This reaction releases a tremendous amount of energy, of which some is released as gamma rays and some is transferred as kinetic energy to the nucleus, causing it to split (the fission reaction). The resulting shower of neutrons can cause the surrounding fuel to undergo rapid fission or even nuclear fusion
.

The lower limit of the device size is determined by anti-proton handling issues and fission reaction requirements, such as the structure used to contain and direct the blast. As such, unlike either the Project Orion-type propulsion system, which requires large numbers of nuclear explosive charges, or the various antimatter drives, which require impossibly expensive amounts of antimatter, antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion has intrinsic advantages.[3]

A conceptual design of an antimatter-catalyzed thermonuclear explosive

Teller–Ulam device of the same yield, approximately 1 kt.[6]

Amount needed for thermonuclear device

The number of antiprotons required for triggering one thermonuclear explosion were calculated in 2005 to be 1018, which means microgram amounts of antihydrogen.[7]

Tuning of the performance of a space vehicle is also possible. Rocket efficiency is strongly related to the mass of the working mass used, which in this case is the nuclear fuel. The energy released by a given mass of fusion fuel is several times larger than that released by the same mass of a fission fuel. For missions requiring short periods of high thrust, such as crewed interplanetary missions, pure microfission might be preferred because it reduces the number of fuel elements needed. For missions with longer periods of higher efficiency but with lower thrust, such as outer-planet probes, a combination of microfission and fusion might be preferred because it would reduce the total fuel mass.

Research

The concept was invented at Pennsylvania State University before 1992. Since then, several groups have studied antimatter-catalyzed micro fission/fusion engines in the lab.[8] Work has been performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on antiproton-initiated fusion as early as 2004.[9] In contrast to the large mass, complexity and recirculating power of conventional drivers for inertial confinement fusion (ICF), antiproton annihilation offers a specific energy of 90 MJ/μg and thus a unique form of energy packaging and delivery. In principle, antiproton drivers could provide a profound reduction in system mass for advanced space propulsion by ICF.

Antiproton-driven ICF is a speculative concept, and the handling of antiprotons and their required injection precision—temporally and spatially—will present significant technical challenges. The storage and manipulation of low-energy antiprotons, particularly in the form of antihydrogen, is a science in its infancy, and a large scale-up of antiproton production over present supply methods would be required to embark on a serious R&D programme for such applications.

A record for antimatter storage of just over 1000 seconds, performed in the CERN facility, during 2011, was at the time a monumental leap from the millisecond timescales that previously were achievable.[10]

Total world-wide production of anti-protons in a period of a year is in the range of nanograms. The anti-matter trap (Mark 1 version) at

Penn State University has the capacity for the storage of 10 billion for a period of approximately 168 hours. Project Icarus has given the estimated potential cost of production of 1 milligram of anti-proton as $100 billion.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kircher, Scott. "fissionfusion". ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu (University Alaska Fairbanks). Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  2. ^ "catalysis noun". www.merriam-webster.com (Merriam-Webster). Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  3. ^ Kircher. "Antimatter: Fission/Fusion Drive". Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  4. ^ David Olson, Pat Lee (June 3, 2010). "Nuclear Fusion. Chemical Explanation". Page 11.
  5. ^ "Types of Nuclear Weapons". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 1.5.3 The Alarm Clock/Sloika (Layer Cake) Design.
  6. ^ Andre Gsponer, Jean-Pierre Hurni. "Antimatter weapons". Centre Universitaire d'Informatique. Université de Genève. Figure 2: Antimatter triggered hydrogne bomb.
  7. arXiv:physics/0507125
    .
  8. ^ "Antiproton-Catalyzed Microfission/Fusion Propulsion Systems For Exploration Of The Outer Solar System And Beyond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  9. S2CID 250744699
    . Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  10. S2CID 17151882
    .
  11. ^ Obousy, Richard K. "Project Icarus: Antimatter Catalyzed Fusion Propulsion For Interstellar Missions Part 3. Antimatter Catalyzed Fusion Propulsion For Interstellar Missions" (PDF). www.icarusinterstellar.org (Icarus Interstellar Inc.). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2021.

External links

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