Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden (German) Canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes | ||
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Coordinates: 47°3′N 9°1′E / 47.050°N 9.017°E | ||
Country | Switzerland | |
Capitals | Herisau (executive and legislative)
Lowest point 430 m (1,411 ft): Lutzenberg | |
Joined | 1513 | |
Languages | German | |
Website | www |
Appenzell Ausserrhoden (
Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north east of Switzerland. Together with the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, it forms an enclave within the canton of St. Gallen. The canton is essentially located in the Alpine foothills of the Alpstein massif, culminating at the Säntis.
Appenzell Ausserrhoden was part of the historical canton of
History
Settlement in
Foundation
The name Appenzell (
By about 1360, conflicts over
Independence and joining the Swiss Confederation
Following increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes,
Following another Appenzell victory on 17 June 1405, at
However, while the Bund expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On 11 September 1406 an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as the Sankt Jörgenschild (Order of St. George's Shield) to oppose the rebellious commoners of the Bund.
As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owed certain taxes.[5] However, it wasn't until 1410 that the area was at peace.[4]
In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (except Bern), which strengthened their position against the abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an "Associate Member", and did not become a full member until 1513. Following another battle, in 1429, Appenzell was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation.[4]
Division of Appenzell
Starting in 1522, followers of
To end the confrontation between the old and new faiths, the Landesgemeinde decided in April 1525, that each parish should choose a faith, but that the principle of free movement would be supported, so that the religious minority could attend the church of their choice regardless of where they lived. The entire Ausserrhoden (except Herisau, where Joseph Forrester convinced them to remain Catholic until the late 16th century[8]) converted to the Reformation in 1529. The Innerrhoden (except for Gais which joined Ausserrhoden in 1597[9]) remained with the old faith. While the majority of the residents of Appenzell town remained Catholic under their priest, Diepolt Huter, there was a strong Reformed minority. In 1531, the minority were nearly successful in getting the town to ally with the Protestant Ausserrhoden. But an armed mob of angry residents from the neighboring village of Gonten prevented the abolition of the Mass in Appenzell. The Catholic victory in the Second War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire canton of Appenzell.[7]
Two small monasteries (
After the Second War of Kappel, the two religions reached a generally peaceful parity. They remained united by common business interests, the same political and legal understanding, a shared desire to form an alliance with France and a shared opposition to the city of St. Gallen. This shared opposition to St. Gallen was demonstrated in the so-called linen affairs (1535–42, 1579), where the weavers throughout Appenzell supported each other when they felt that they were unfairly treated by the linen industry of St. Gallen.[7]
After this time, the term Kanton Appenzell continued to refer to both half-cantons, although this usage has since become outdated. Usually die beiden Appenzell ("the two Appenzells") are spoken of in a political context, and Appenzellerland in a geographic context, if the aim is to refer to Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden collectively.
From 1798 to 1803 Appenzell, with the other domains of the abbot of St Gall, was formed into the canton of Säntis of the Helvetic Republic, but in 1803, on the creation of the new canton of St Gall, shrank back within its former boundaries.
Early Modern Appenzell
From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939. In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001). In 1934
Municipalities
The 20
- Bühler
- Gais
- Grub
- Heiden
- Herisau
- Hundwil
- Lutzenberg
- Rehetobel
- Reute
- Schönengrund
- Schwellbrunn
- Speicher
- Stein
- Teufen
- Trogen
- Urnäsch
- Wald
- Waldstatt
- Walzenhausen
- Wolfhalden
Demographics
The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 55,309.
Historical population
The historical population is given in the following table:
Historic Population Data[14] | ||||
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Year | Total Population | Swiss | Non-Swiss | Population share of total country |
1850 | 43,621 | 43,169 | 452 | 1.8% |
1900 | 55,281 | 52,643 | 2,638 | 1.7% |
1950 | 47,938 | 45,813 | 2,125 | 1.0% |
1990 | 52,229 | 44,619 | 7,610 | 0.8% |
2020 | 55,309 |
Politics
Federal election results
Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971-2015[15] | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Ideology | 1971 | 1975 | 1979 | 1983 | 1987 | 1991 | 1995 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | |
FDP.The Liberalsa
|
Classical liberalism | 62.6 | 45.8 | c | 36.0 | c | 30.8 | 36.4 | 32.8 | 41.1 | 72.0 | 51.5 | 33.6 | |
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD | Christian democracy | * b | 14.1 | c | 14.5 | c | 16.7 | 9.5 | * | * | * | 10.6 | * | |
SP/PS | Social democracy | 37.4 | 40.1 | c | 23.6 | c | * | 21.9 | 29.6 | 19.9 | * | * | 28.6 | |
SVP/UDC | Swiss nationalism/ Right-wing populism |
* | * | c | * | c | * | 22.0 | 37.5 | 38.3 | * | 30.5 | 36.1 | |
GPS/PES | Green politics | * | * | c | * | c | * | * | * | * | * | 6.4 | * | |
FPS/PSL | Right-wing populism | * | * | c | * | c | 15.8 | 8.9 | * | * | * | * | * | |
Other | * | * | c | 25.9 | c | 36.7 | 1.2 | * | 0.8 | 28.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | ||
Voter participation % | 48.5 | 44.2 | c | 41.4 | c | 44.5 | 48.8 | 51.2 | 49.3 | 33.3 | 47.5 | 47.1 |
- ^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009
- ^b "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
- ^c No election held
See also
References
- ^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017
- ^ a b "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). "Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Appenzell War in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ a b c d Williams, Henry Smith (1908). The Historians' History of the World. Vol. 16. Hooper & Jackson. pp. 581–583.
- ^ Order of St. George's Shield in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ a b c Canton of Appenzell - The Reformation in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Herisau in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Gais in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Wonnenstein in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ a b Grimmenstein (Kloster) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
- ^ Federal Department of Statistics (2004). "Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion". Archived from the original (Interactive Map) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
- ^ "Appenzell Ausserrhoden". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.