Battle of the Overpass
Battle of the Overpass | |||
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Date | May 26, 1937 | ||
Location | 42°18′27″N 83°09′21″W / 42.3076°N 83.1558°W | ||
Goals | Distribution of leaflets promoting union membership to plant workers | ||
Parties | |||
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Lead figures | |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | 0 | ||
Injuries | 16 | ||
The Battle of the Overpass was an attack by Ford Motor Company against the United Auto Workers (UAW) on May 26, 1937, at the River Rouge complex in Dearborn, Michigan. The UAW had recently organized workers at Ford's competitors, and planned to hand out leaflets at an overpass leading to the plant's main gate in view of many of the 90,000 employees. Before the UAW organizers could begin, they were attacked by Ford's "quasi-military" security service and the Dearborn police.
In the aftermath, Ford Motor Company attempted to control the narrative by destroying news photographs onsite. The surviving photographs were published nationally as evidence of Ford's brutality, helping to turn public perception in favor of the union.[1]
The incident was preceded by the 1932 Ford Hunger March, in which hunger marchers were attacked with gunfire from the Miller Road pedestrian overpasses. The site of that attack remained an entrance to the Rouge plant, and the overpass bears the logo of the United Auto Workers in addition to Ford's.
Background
The United Auto Workers labor union was founded in 1935, and by 1937 it had attracted significant support. Strikes in the United States in the 1930s extracted major concessions from employers in multiple industries, although they often resulted in violence against strikers.
Though strikes resulted in major victories against employers nationally, the
The most extreme example of Ford's repression was the Ford Hunger March (or Ford Massacre) of 1932, which was planned as a peaceful march from Detroit into Dearborn, ending at the Rouge Plant employment office on Miller Road. The march was brutally suppressed by Bennett, his forces, and the Dearborn police, with five marchers killed and dozens injured by machine gun fire.[3]
Ford's history of brutality against union organizers was accompanied by an understanding of the power of its workforce. The Local 174 chapter of UAW organized a sit-down strike against the Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Company of Detroit in early December 1936, which impacted production at the Rouge plant.[4] Local 174 gained members rapidly after its success at Kelsey-Hayes, and planned to organize the workers at the much larger Rouge plant. Tactics developed at Kelsey-Hayes were used at the Flint sit-down strike later that month, which resulted in major gains in membership and national recognition for the UAW.[5]
Conflict
UAW Local 174 planned a leaflet campaign titled, "Unionism, Not Fordism", at the pedestrian overpass above Miller Road at Gate 4 of the
The leaflets to be distributed by the UAW demanded a work day plan of six hours for US$8 (equivalent to $170 in 2023), in contrast to the eight-hour day for $6 (equivalent to $127 in 2023) then in place. The leaflets cited the success of the organizers at General Motors, Chrysler, and Briggs Manufacturing Company, and promised that the UAW would "End the Ford Service System".[1][7]
At approximately 2 p.m., several of the leading UAW
Frankensteen had his jacket pulled over his head and was kicked and punched.[1] Reuther described the attack:[11]
Seven times they raised me off the concrete and slammed me down on it. They pinned my arms ... and I was punched and kicked and dragged by my feet to the stairway, thrown down the first flight of steps, picked up, slammed down on the platform and kicked down the second flight. On the ground they beat and kicked me some more...
One union organizer, Richard Merriweather, suffered a broken back from the beating.[8]
Aftermath
The security forces mob attempted to destroy photographic plates, but the Detroit News photographer James R. Kilpatrick hid the plates under the back seat of his car, and surrendered useless plates he had on his front seat. News and photos of the brutal attack made headlines in newspapers across the country.[1]
In spite of the photographs, and many witnesses who had heard his men specifically seek out Frankensteen and Reuther, security director Bennett claimed — "The affair was deliberately provoked by union officials. ... They simply wanted to trump up a charge of Ford brutality. ... I know definitely no Ford service man or plant police were involved in any way in the fight."[1]
The incident greatly increased support for the UAW and hurt Ford's reputation. The National Labor Relations Board pursued a case against the Ford Motor Company, bringing to light other violations of federal law committed by the company.[12] The Battle of the Overpass led to a series of actions against Ford by the UAW, culminating in a 1941 strike at the Rouge. The 1941 strike concluded with a signed contract between the UAW and Ford, the final such contract at the Big Three automakers.[1][6]
Legacy
A rebuilt overpass stands at Gate 4 of the Rouge plant, along Miller Road.[13] It bears the logos of the United Auto Workers and the Ford Motor Company.
See also
References
- ^ Smithsonian Magazine. Archivedfrom the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-8078-3564-7.
- ISBN 978-0-913876-15-2.
- Houghton Mifflin. p. 523.
- ISBN 978-0-472-32948-9.
- ^ a b Hansen, Curtis (2005). "The Battle of the Overpass". Walter P. Reuther Library. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
- ^ "(30587) UAW Organizing, Flyer, Battle of the Overpass, 1937". Walter P. Reuther Library. June 14, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
- ^ a b Nolan, Jenny (August 7, 1997). "The Battle of the Overpass". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ISBN 9780807853733.
- ^ Chinery, Kristen (May 19, 2011). "Battle of the Overpass". Walter P. Reuther Library. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ISSN 1055-2715. Retrieved October 2, 2023 – via NewsBank.
- ^ Lewis, David L. (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 249–252.
- ProQuest 1823482421.
The bridge has been rebuilt a couple of times, and it's not much to look at now – workers use it to get from the parking lot into Gate 4.
External links
- Records of the Battle of the Overpass at the Wayne State University Walter P. Reuther Library