Beardmore Tornado

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Tornado
R101 Tornado engine in the
Science Museum, London
Type
Inline Diesel engine
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer William Beardmore and Company
First run 1927
Major applications R101

The Beardmore Tornado is an eight-cylinder inline diesel aircraft engine built in 1927 by William Beardmore and Company of Glasgow, Scotland, and used in the British R101 airship when petrol engines were thought unsafe in the tropics. The model is given as Tornado IIIA or Tornado III C.I. The fuel is described as Diesel heavy-oil.[1]

Design and development

The engine was designed by combining two four-cylinder units used for

big end
bearings were also found to be prone to early failure, In addition, there were two critical vibration frequencies which coincided with idling and cruising speeds, resulting in a limitation on the maximum rpm and consequently a reduction in power output.

The Tornado had steam cooling; water in the cylinder jackets was allowed to come to boiling point, and then condensed in three small triangular radiators on the hull above the power cars, or for the two midships engines was condensed in a retractable radiator and used to heat the passenger accommodation. Running the engines at a relatively high thermal temperature was expected to improve the

specific fuel consumption. The Tornado engines used Ricardo petrol starting engines, and there had only been time to replace one with a Beverley heavy-oil starting engine (itself started by compressed air) on one Tornado.[2]

The engines were intended to have reversing propellers, but they failed. At one point during development of R101, one engine was used only for astern running at the start and finish of flights, a decision that astonished Nevil Shute and the other engineers on the R100 team.[3] Later two engines were made reversible by an adjustment to the camshaft.

The R101 had five Tornado engines. The proposed R102 airship was to have seven engines of an improved version of the Tornado, having an output of 850 bhp (630 kW, maximum) or 700 bhp (520 kW, cruising, continuous),[4] but the project was cancelled in 1931 after the crash of the R101 and the end of the Imperial Airship Scheme. The R100 would have used the Tornado, but petrol engines were chosen to avoid delays.[5]

Specifications (Tornado III)

Data from Masefield:[6]

General characteristics

  • Type: 8-cylinder liquid-cooled
    inline
    upright layout engine
  • Bore: 8.25 inches (210 mm)
  • Stroke: 12.0 inches (304.8 mm)
  • Displacement: 5,130.8 in3 (84.125 L)
  • Dry weight: 4,733 lb (2150 kg) bare engine, 8,580 lb (3890 kg) installed[7]

Components

  • Fuel type: Diesel heavy-oil
  • Cooling system: Water/steam cooling (see above)

Performance

References

  1. ISBN 0-7183-0068-8
  2. ^ Masefield; pages 112-113, 152, 350
  3. ^ Slide Rule by Nevil Shute (1954, William Heinemann, London) pages 74, 82-83, 105
  4. ^ Masefield; page 281
  5. ^ Flight 11 October 1929 p. 1094
  6. ^ Masefield; page 494
  7. ^ with propeller, cooling, exhaust and starting systems and engine car

Further reading

External links

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