Biting

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"Bite" redirects here. For other uses, see Bite (disambiguation).
A lion biting another lion as play behavior.

Biting is a common

Myocytic contraction of the muscles of mastication is responsible for generating the force that initiates the preparatory jaw abduction (opening), then rapidly adducts (closes) the jaw and moves the top and bottom teeth towards each other, resulting in the forceful action of a bite.[1]

Biting is one of the main functions in most macro-organisms' life, providing them the ability to

ectoparasites or irritating foreign objects (e.g. burred plant seeds) from body surface, scratches itself, and grooms
other animals.

Animal bites often result in serious

crocodilians and predatory fishes (e.g. sharks, barracudas and piranhas
).

Types of teeth

Teeth of a lion, showcasing the front canines, middle carnassials, and back molars

The types of teeth that organisms use to bite vary throughout the

white sharks which prey on large marine animals.[1] On the other hand, herbivores have rows of wide, flat teeth to bite and chew grass and other plants. Cows spend up to eleven hours a day biting off grass and grinding it with their molars.[6] Omnivores
consume both meat and plants, so they possess a mixture of flat teeth and sharp teeth.

Carrying mechanism

Biting can serve as a carrying mechanism for species such as beavers and ants, the raw power of their species-specific teeth allowing them to carry large objects. Beavers have a large tooth adapted for gnawing wood. Their jaw muscles are tuned to power through big trees and carry them back to their dam.[7] Ants use their powerful jaws to lift material back to the colony. They can carry several thousand times their weight due to their bite and are adapted to use this to forage for their colonies.[8] Fire ants use their strong bite to get a grip on prey, then inject a toxin via their stinger and carry the prey back to their territory.[9]

Dangers

Some organisms have dangerous bites that inject

arachnidism, are mainly a form of predation, but also means of self-defense — when trapped or accidentally tampered with by humans, spiders retaliate by biting.[11] The recluse spider and widow species have neurotoxins and necrotizing agents that paralyze and digest prey.[12]

There are several creatures with non-lethal bites that may cause discomfort or diseases.

protozoic or viral pathogens.[13] Similarly, tick bites spread diseases endemic to their location, most famously Lyme disease, but ticks also serve as disease vectors for Colorado tick fever, African tick bite fever, Tick-borne encephalitis, etc.[14]

In humans

Biting is also an

age appropriate behavior and reaction for human children 30 months and younger. Conversely, children above this age are expected to have verbal skills to explain their needs and dislikes, as biting is not seen as age appropriate. Biting may be prevented by methods including redirection, change in the environment and responding to biting by talking about appropriate ways to express anger and frustration. School-age children, those older than 30 months, who habitually bite may require professional intervention.[15] Some discussion of human biting appears in The Kinsey Report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.[16] Biting may also occur in physical fights or in self-defense.[17]

Criminally,

Forensic Dentistry is involved in bite-mark analysis. Because bite-marks change significantly over time, investigators must call for an expert as soon as possible. Bites are then analyzed to determine whether the biter was human, self-inflicted or not, and whether DNA was left behind from the biter. All measurements must be extremely precise, as small errors in measurement can lead to large errors in legal judgment.[18]

Human bites have historically been viewed superstitiously, particularly in the

Black person with darkly pigmented gums) was lethally poisonous.[19][20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 21129747
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-4557-1177-2; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  3. ^ Kenneth M. Phillips (2009-12-27). "Dog Bite Statistics". Archived from the original on 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  4. ^ a b Animal Teeth | Types of Teeth | DK Find Out. (2018). Retrieved October 28, 2018, from https://www.dkfindout.com/us/animals-and-nature/food-chains/types-teeth/
  5. PMID 27274799
    .
  6. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-8014-6086-9
    .
  8. PMID 24287400
    . Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  9. ^ Drees, Bastiaan M. (December 2002). "Medical Problems and Treatment Considerations for the Red Imported Fire Ant" (PDF). Texas A&M University.
  10. ^
    PMID 15316044
    .
  11. ^ "Workplace Safety & Health Topics Venomous Spiders". cdc.gov. February 24, 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2018
  12. PMID 19893831. Archived from the original
    on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  13. ^ "Mosquito Bites", Mayo Clinic, accessed June 28, 2019
  14. ^ "Tickborne Diseases of the United States", The Center for Disease Control, accessed June 28, 2019
  15. ^ Child Care Links,"How to Handle Biting Archived October 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", retrieved 14 August 2007
  16. ISBN 978-0-253-33411-4
    .
  17. PMID 29977261
    .
  18. ^ Shanna Freeman, "How Forensic Dentistry Works", How Stuff Works, accessed June 28, 2019
  19. ^ "Blue Gum Negro". The Intelligencer. 19 May 1892. p. 4.
  20. PMID 35829173
    .
  21. ^ "blue gum(med) adj".

External links

  • Media related to Biting at Wikimedia Commons
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