Characteristic mode analysis
Characteristic modes (CM) form a set of functions which, under specific boundary conditions, diagonalizes operator relating field and induced sources. Under certain conditions, the set of the CM is unique and complete (at least theoretically) and thereby capable of describing the behavior of a studied object in full.
This article deals with characteristic mode decomposition in
Background
CM decomposition was originally introduced as set of modes diagonalizing a scattering matrix.[1][2] The theory has, subsequently, been generalized by Harrington and Mautz for antennas.[3][4] Harrington, Mautz and their students also successively developed several other extensions of the theory.[5][6][7][8] Even though some precursors[9] were published back in the late 1940s, the full potential of CM has remained unrecognized for an additional 40 years. The capabilities of CM were revisited[10] in 2007 and, since then, interest in CM has dramatically increased. The subsequent boom of CM theory is reflected by the number of prominent publications and applications.
Definition
For simplicity, only the original form of the CM – formulated for
The scattering of an
with representing
with being imaginary unit, being angular frequency, being vector potential
being vacuum permeability, being scalar potential
being vacuum permittivity, being scalar Green's function
and being wavenumber. The integro-differential operator is the one to be diagonalized via characteristic modes.
The governing equation of the CM decomposition is
with and being real and imaginary parts of impedance operator, respectively: The operator, is defined by
The outcome of (1) is a set of characteristic modes , , accompanied by associated characteristic numbers . Clearly, (1) is a
Matrix formulation
Discretization of the body of the scatterer into subdomains as and using a set of linearly independent piece-wise continuous functions , , allows current density to be represented as
and by applying the Galerkin method, the impedance operator (2)
The eigenvalue problem (1) is then recast into its matrix form
which can easily be solved using, e.g., the
Properties
The properties of CM decomposition are demonstrated in its matrix form.
First, recall that the bilinear forms
and
where superscript denotes the
- The weighting matrix is theoretically positive definite and is indefinite. The Rayleigh quotient
then spans the range of and indicates whether the characteristic mode is capacitive (), inductive (), or in resonance (). In reality, the Rayleigh quotient is limited by the numerical dynamics of the
- The characteristic numbers evolve with frequency, i.e., , they can cross each other, or they can be the same (in case of degeneracies[13]). For this reason, the tracking of modes is often applied to get smooth curves .[14][15][16][17][18] Unfortunately, this process is partly heuristic and the tracking algorithms are still far from perfection.[11]
- The characteristic modes can be chosen as real-valued functions, . In other words, characteristic modes form a set of equiphase currents.
- The CM decomposition is invariant with respect to the amplitude of the characteristic modes. This fact is used to normalize the current so that they radiate unitary radiated power
This last relation presents the ability of characteristic modes to diagonalize the impedance operator (2) and demonstrates far field orthogonality, i.e.,
Modal quantities
The modal currents can be used to evaluate antenna parameters in their modal form, for example:
- modal far-field ( — polarization, — direction),[3]
- modal directivity ,
- modal radiation efficiency ,[19]
- modal quality factor ,[20]
- modal impedance .
These quantities can be used for analysis, feeding synthesis, radiator's shape optimization, or antenna characterization.
Applications and further development
The number of potential applications is enormous and still growing:
- antenna analysis and synthesis,[21][22][23]
- design of MIMO antennas,[24][25][26][27]
- compact antenna design (
- UAV antennas,[30]
- selective excitation of chassis and platforms,[31]
- model order reduction,[32]
- bandwidth enhancement,[33][34]
- nanotubes[35] and metamaterials,[36][37]
- validation of computational electromagnetics codes.[11]
The prospective topics include
- electrically large structures calculated using MLFMA,[38]
- dielectrics,[7][39]
- use of Combined Field Integral Equation,[40]
- periodic structures,
- formulation for arrays.[41]
Software
CM decomposition has recently been implemented in major electromagnetic simulators, namely in FEKO,[42] CST-MWS,[43] and WIPL-D.[44] Other packages are about to support it soon, for example HFSS[45] and CEM One.[46] In addition, there is a plethora of in-house and academic packages which are capable of evaluating CM and many associated parameters.
Alternative bases
CM are useful to understand radiator's operation better. They have been used with great success for many practical purposes. However, it is important to stress that they are not perfect and it is often better to use other formulations such as energy modes,[47] radiation modes,[47] stored energy modes[32] or radiation efficiency modes.[48]
References
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- ^ Garbacz, R. J., "A Generalized Expansion for Radiated and Scattered Fields," PhD thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State Univ., 1968.
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- ^ Montgomery, C. G.; Dicke, R.H.; Purcell, E. M., Principles of Microwave Circuits, Section 9.24, New York, United States: McGraw-Hill, 1948.
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- ^ a b Gustafsson, M.; Tayli, D.; Ehrenborg, C.; Cismasu, M.; Norbedo, S. (May–June 2016). "Antenna current optimization using MATLAB and CVX". FERMAT. 15: 1–29.
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- ^ Altair, FEKO, 2017. Archived 2017-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dassault Systemes, CST Computer Simulation Technology, [Online: CST-MWS, 2017.
- ^ WIPL-D d.o.o., [Online: WIPL-D, 2017.
- ^ ANSYS, [Online: HFSS, 2017.
- ^ ESI Group, [Online: CEM One, 2017.
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