Charged particle beam

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A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of

1. unbunched beams (coasting beams[1] or DC beams), which have no longitudinal substructure in the direction of beam motion.
2. bunched beams, in which the particles are distributed into pulses (bunches) of particles. Bunched beams are most common in modern facilities, since the most modern particle accelerators require bunched beams for acceleration.^[2]

Assuming a normal distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam (or a bunch of the beam) is characterized by^[3]

• the species of particle, e.g.
  electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei
• the mean energy of the particles, often expressed in electronvolts (typically keV to GeV)
• the (average) particle current, often expressed in amperes
• the particle beam size, often using the so-called β-function
• the beam emittance, a measure of the area occupied by the beam in one of several phase spaces.

These parameters can be expressed in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy (or beam voltage V) can be combined into the perveance K = I V^−3/2.

The charged

Common types

• Electron beam, or cathode ray, such as in a scanning electron microscope or in accelerators such as the Large Electron–Positron Collider or synchrotron light sources.
• Proton beam, such as the beams used in proton therapy, at colliders such as the Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider, or for proton beam writing in lithography.
• Ion beams, such as at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider or the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.

References