Chromobacterium violaceum
Chromobacterium violaceum | |
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Blood agar plate culture of C. violaceum. Image from the CDC. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
Order: | Neisseriales |
Family: | Neisseriaceae |
Genus: | Chromobacterium |
Species: | C. violaceum
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Binomial name | |
Chromobacterium violaceum (Bergonzini 1880)
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Chromobacterium violaceum is a
Biochemistry
C. violaceum ferments
Medical significance
C. violaceum rarely infects humans, but when it does it causes skin lesions, sepsis, and liver abscesses that may be fatal.[7] The first reported case of Chromobacterium violaceum infection in humans in literature is from Malaysia in 1927.[1] Only 150 cases have been reported in literature since then.[8] To date, cases have been reported from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, India, Japan, Nigeria, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United States and Vietnam. The most common mode of entry of the bacteria into the body is through the injured skin coming in contact with soil or water containing the bacteria.[1][9] The disease usually starts as a limited infection of the skin at the point of entry of the bacteria, which progresses to necrotizing metastatic lesions, then multiple abscesses of the liver, lung, spleen, skin, lymph nodes or brain, leading to severe septicaemia, culminating in multiorgan failure which may be fatal.[10] Other reported pathologies include chronic granulomatosis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, diarrhoea, septic spondylitis, conjunctivitis, periorbital and ocular infection.[1][11][12][13][14] Care must be taken because Burkholderia pseudomallei is commonly misidentified as C. violaceum by many common identification methods.[15][16] The two are readily distinguished because B. pseudomallei produces large wrinkled colonies, whereas C. violaceum produces a distinctive violet pigment.
C. violaceum produces a number of natural antibiotics:
- aerobic bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is marketed as Azactam.
- Violacein is active against trypanosomes;
- Aerocyanidine is active against Gram-positiveorganisms;
- Aerocavin is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negativeorganisms.
It has been described as a cause of infection in gibbons.[17]
Treatment
Infection caused by C. violaceum is rare, therefore there are no clinical trials evaluating different treatments. Antibiotics that have been used to successfully treat C. violaceum include
Genome
The complete genome was sequenced and the results were published in 2003. C. violaceum type strain ATCC 12472 was found to have 4,751,080
References
- ^ PMID 15654137.
- PMID 16344270.
- ^ PMID 14500782.
- ^ PMID 10325383.
- S2CID 84888286.
- PMID 16229777.
- PMID 13085740.
- PMID 23776815.
- S2CID 39515820.
- PMID 19640274.
- PMID 17643028. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- PMID 11039252.
- PMID 12237610.
- PMID 12886967.
- S2CID 31987728.
- PMID 12454163.
- PMID 5388196.
- PMID 11247733.
- PMID 10810326.
- S2CID 37485951.
- ^ Howard, AJ; Ison, CA (1996). "Haemophilus, Gardnerella and other bacilli". In Collee, JG; Fraser, AG; Marmion, BP; Simmons, A (eds.). Mackie and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (14th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 329–41.
External links
- Chromobacterium violaceum at the NCBI Taxonomy Browser
- Type strain of Chromobacterium violaceum at BacDive, the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase