Violacein
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IUPAC name
(3E)-3-[5-(5-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
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Other names
3-(2-(5-Hydroxyindol-3-yl)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolin-4-ylidene)-2-indolinone
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3D model (
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Properties | |
C20H13N3O3 | |
Molar mass | 343.342 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Violacein is a naturally-occurring bis-indole pigment with antibiotic (anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-tumor) properties.[1][2][3][4] Violacein is produced by several species of bacteria, including Chromobacterium violaceum, and gives these organisms their striking purple hues. Violacein shows increasing commercially interesting uses, especially for industrial applications in cosmetics, medicines and fabrics.
Biosynthesis
Violacein is formed by enzymatic condensation of two tryptophan molecules, requiring the action of five proteins. The genes required for its production, vioABCDE, and the regulatory mechanisms employed have been studied within a small number of violacein-producing strains.[2] Production of violacein is controlled by quorum sensing using acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs).[5]
Only a few genera of bacteria have been reported to produce violacein. These include Chromobacterium, Duganella, Pseudoalteromonas,[6] Janthinobacterium,[7] Iodobacter, Rugamonas,[8] and Massilia[5].[9]
Antibiotic activity
Violacein is known to have diverse biological activities, including as a
References
Further reading
- Park H, Park S, Yang YH, Choi KY (September 2021). "Microbial synthesis of violacein pigment and its potential applications". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 41 (6): 879–901. S2CID 232304130.