Climate of Azerbaijan
The climate of Azerbaijan is very diverse. Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan.[1]
Geography
Azerbaijan is situated on the northern extremity of the
Landscape
As a predominantly mountainous country, Azerbaijan is surrounded by the
Solar radiation
The Azerbaijani plains and foothills have high
Bright sun shines 2,200 to 2,500 hours a year at altitudes over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft). The total annual radiation equals 128–132
The total amount of solar radiation affecting the Araz plains in Nakhchivan totals 148–150 kcal/cm2 (137–139 kWh/ft2). It increases in the mountains, reaching 152–160 kcal/cm2 (140–148 kWh/ft2). The solar radiation on the country's plains and foothills amounts to 40–50 kcal/cm2 (37–46 kWh/ft2); in Lenkoran, 50–60 kcal/cm2 (46–55 kWh/ft2); in the mountains, 15–25 kcal/cm2 (14–23 kWh/ft2).[2]
Circulation of air masses
Climate formation in Azerbaijan is influenced by various
Major aspects
Some of the major influences on Azerbaijan's climate are temperature, precipitation, humidity, rate of evaporation, and cloud cover.
Temperature
The temperature regime and its distribution throughout Azerbaijan is regular, and depends on the features of air masses entering the country, the regional landscape, and proximity to the Caspian Sea. The sea causes temperatures in the maritime areas (20 kilometres or 12 miles away from the sea) to decline in the
Both the absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F) and the absolute maximum temperature (46 °C or 114.8 °F) were observed in
Examples
Climate data for Baku | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
40.5 (104.9) |
42.7 (108.9) |
41.9 (107.4) |
39.4 (102.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
42.7 (108.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.3 (81.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.7 (7.3) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.2 (52.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21 (0.8) |
20 (0.8) |
21 (0.8) |
18 (0.7) |
18 (0.7) |
8 (0.3) |
2 (0.1) |
6 (0.2) |
15 (0.6) |
25 (1.0) |
30 (1.2) |
26 (1.0) |
210 (8.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 49 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 89.9 | 89.0 | 124.0 | 195.0 | 257.3 | 294.0 | 313.1 | 282.1 | 222.0 | 145.7 | 93.0 | 102.3 | 2,207.4 |
Source 1: for data of sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meoweather (Snowy days) better source needed ]
|
Climate data for Nakhchivan | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
33.7 (92.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
0.9 (33.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
18 (0.7) |
29 (1.1) |
38 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
30 (1.2) |
17 (0.7) |
8 (0.3) |
11 (0.4) |
26 (1.0) |
20 (0.8) |
15 (0.6) |
267 (10.5) |
Average precipitation days | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 55 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 82.9 | 117.3 | 188.3 | 202.6 | 254.5 | 324.0 | 364.4 | 338.7 | 302.5 | 215.6 | 148.1 | 121.1 | 2,660 |
Source: NOAA[8] |
Climate data for Ganja (1981–2010, extremes 1890–2014) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.7 (107.1) |
38.8 (101.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −17.8 (0.0) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8 (0.3) |
12 (0.5) |
24 (0.9) |
31 (1.2) |
40 (1.6) |
32 (1.3) |
17 (0.7) |
15 (0.6) |
15 (0.6) |
24 (0.9) |
16 (0.6) |
7 (0.3) |
241 (9.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 76.0 |
Average rainy days | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 63 |
Average snowy days | 3 | 5 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1 | 2 | 14 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71 | 71 | 68 | 70 | 68 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 65 | 74 | 76 | 74 | 68 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120 | 113 | 141 | 182 | 229 | 267 | 278 | 252 | 212 | 168 | 123 | 115 | 2,200 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961-1990)[9][10][a] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net[11] |
Climate data for Lenkaran | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
18.5 (65.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.2 (50.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91 (3.6) |
114 (4.5) |
90 (3.5) |
50 (2.0) |
54 (2.1) |
22 (0.9) |
17 (0.7) |
50 (2.0) |
143 (5.6) |
259 (10.2) |
168 (6.6) |
88 (3.5) |
1,146 (45.2) |
Average precipitation days | 10 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 97 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.4 | 98.9 | 124.0 | 171.0 | 226.3 | 282.0 | 306.9 | 254.2 | 189.0 | 127.1 | 99.0 | 108.5 | 2,092.3 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (UN) [12] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory(sun only)[13] |
Climate data for Mingachevir | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
20.4 (68.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
25 (1.0) |
27 (1.1) |
39 (1.5) |
54 (2.1) |
49 (1.9) |
26 (1.0) |
27 (1.1) |
26 (1.0) |
53 (2.1) |
30 (1.2) |
22 (0.9) |
397 (15.6) |
Source: Climate-Data.org[14] |
Climate data for Khankendi | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
16.0 (60.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
7.7 (45.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
25 (1.0) |
42 (1.7) |
49 (1.9) |
102 (4.0) |
79 (3.1) |
41 (1.6) |
27 (1.1) |
34 (1.3) |
39 (1.5) |
35 (1.4) |
13 (0.5) |
505 (19.9) |
Average precipitation days | 6 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 85 |
Source: NOAA[15] |
Precipitation
The maximum annual
Climate types
Taking into consideration the distribution and features of the weather, temperature, humidity, and precipitation, nine out of the 11 climate patterns in the Köppen climate classification can be found in Azerbaijan. Many of these patterns are divided into subtypes.[3]
- Samur River to the Gizilagaj gulf, the plains of Nakhchivan along the Araz river, and the valleys of the Talish Mountains below 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). Annual precipitation accounts for 15 to 50 percent of the possible evaporation. Winters are usually cool (though cold on the Araz River plains along, and in the valleys of, the Talish Mountains). Summers can become very hot, sometimes over 40 °C (104 °F).[3]
- Semi-desert and dry steppe climate with cold winter and dry hot summers climate.
- A moderate climate with mild, dry winters covers the south hills (below 1,000 metres or 3,300 feet) of the Greater Caucasus, the Ganikh-Eyrichay valley between 200 and 500 meters (660 and 1,640 ft), and the north and east hills of the Lesser Caucasus between 400 and 1,500 meters (1,300 and 4,900 ft). Annual precipitation accounts for 50 to 100 percent of the possible evaporation in this climate zone.[3]
- A moderately warm climate with dry summers covers the Lankaran-Astara region. Annual precipitation accounts for 100 to 150 percent or more of the possible evaporation. Winters are cool, summers are hot and dry, and autumns are rainy. The period of May through August is usually dry, requiring artificial irrigation.[3]
- Cold, dry winters cover the southeast hills of the Greater Caucasus between 1,000 and 2,700 meters (3,300 and 8,900 ft), and mountainous regions of the Lesser Caucasus between 1,400 and 2,700 meters (4,600 and 8,900 ft). Annual precipitation accounts for 75 to 100 percent of the possible evaporation. Summers are cool and winter is mild.[3]
- A cold climate with cool, dry summers covers the middle and high mountains of Nakhchivan AR between 1,000 and 3,000 meters (3,300 and 9,800 ft). Annual precipitation accounts for 50 to 100 percent of possible evaporation. Summers are cool, and winter is cold enough for snow.[3]
- A moderate climate with equal distribution of rainfall covers the mountainous forests in the south between 600 and 1,500 meters (2,000 and 4,900 ft), and the northeast hills of the Greater Caucasus between 200 and 500 meters (660 and 1,640 ft). Annual rainfall accounts for 75 to 100 percent of the possible evaporation in the south hills, and 50 to 100 percent in the northeast hills. Winters are cool, summers warm.[3]
- A cold climate with heavy precipitation year-round occurs in the south hills of the Greater Caucasus between 1,500 and 2,700 meters (4,900 and 8,900 ft), which include forest, subalpine, and alpine zones. Annual precipitation accounts for more than 150 to 200 percent of the possible evaporation. Winters are cold, summers cool.[3]
- Alpine tundra covers the areas of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus above 2,700 meters (8,900 ft), and Nakhchivan above 3,200 meters (10,500 ft). Annual precipitation accounts for more than 100 to 200 percent of the possible evaporation. Winters and summers are both cold. In some places, the snow does not melt until the following winter.[3]
Climate change
See also
- Geography of Azerbaijan
- Nature of Azerbaijan
Notes
- ^ Station ID for Gandja is 37735 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration
References
- ^ a b c "Climate". Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic. Institute of Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f "Climate". Archived from the original on 2014-07-18. State Land and Cartography Committee.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Azerbaijans.com — Physical Geography – Climate"..
- ^ "World Weather Information Service". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Baku, Azerbaijan" Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Hong Kong Observatory
- ^ "Baku, Azerbaijan". Meoweather. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ "Normales et records pour la période 1991-2020 à Baku". infoclimat.fr. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "Naxcivan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Gjandscha (Kirowabad/Elisawetpol) / Aserbaidschan" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Station 37735 Gandja". Global station data 1961-1990 — Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Климат Гянджи". pogodaiklimat.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Lenkaran". United Nations. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Lankaran, Azerbaijan". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "Climate: Mingachevir". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
- ^ "Xankandi (Stepanakert) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "Azerbaijan". EU4Climate. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
- ISSN 2662-4435.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-03.