Consolidation of states within Somalia (1998–2006)

Consolidation of States Within Somalia (1998–2006)
Part of the Somali Civil War
Date 1998–2006 Location Somalia Result Rise of the Islamic Courts Union
Belligerents
SRRC SNA SPM-Harti	Transitional National Government USC JVA RRA  Jubaland  Puntland  Somaliland
Commanders and leaders
Hussein Farrah Aidid Mohamed Farrah Aidid † General Morgan	Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Abdiqasim Salad Hassan Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud

Following the civil war and the ensuing societal chaos, some factions managed to exert a degree of authority over certain regions of

Puntland

In 1981, three groups of Majertin anti-Siad Barre émigrés in Aden (then part of South Yemen) formed the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, with the purpose of fighting alongside Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War against the Siad Barre regime. The invasion was withdrawn in 1982 when the United States sent emergency military aid to Somalia. The organization became divided increasingly along clan lines, leading to the imprisonment of many leading members including Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, and the defection of many to the Siad Barre regime. During the civil war, the SSDF began consolidating their control over the northern

• The
  Transitional National Government
  (TNG) was formed in April–May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) in Djibouti. It had the following:
  • 2000: Election of Abdiqasim Salad Hassan as President by the tribal/faction representatives
  • 2001: National Commission for Reconciliation and Property Settlement
  • 2002: Somali Reconciliation Conference in Eldoret, Kenya
• The
  Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed in October–November 2004 in Nairobi, Kenya
  with the adoption of the following Transitional Federal Institutions (TFI), all accomplished by the end of the sessions:
  • Selection of 275
    Transitional Federal Parliament
    (TFP) members
  • Approval of the
    Transitional Federal Charter
    (TFC)
  • Election of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as President by the Parliament (October 10) as head of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and appointment of the Council of Ministers, including Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi (November 4).^[1]

Transitional National Government

A conference in the Djibuti resort town of Arta succeeded in ending the violence between USC factions, and made strides towards unity, but failed to set up a comprehensive government. Many factions refused to attend as they could not set the terms of reconciliation, and their backer, Ethiopia, was against the TNG. These pro-Ethiopia factions formed their own pan-tribal national government movement, the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC).

Transitional Federal Government

A second attempt at forming a more comprehensive national government was undertaken in Kenya. This time the fraction leaders were allowed to set terms, and Ethiopia granted the influence it desired. The government moved to Jowhar and

The blow to the AIAI was crushing and the organization essentially dissolved into tiny independent Islamic Courts scattered throughout the areas in Somalia where Ethiopia and Puntland, or anyone else for that matter, had no influence, the lawless central region. These courts fell back on their roots as a social movement, rather than a revolutionary one, and began offering legal arbitration by Sharia and social services, slowly rebuilding their support. During this time, the courts revolutionary element was diluted by more moderate elements who were attracted primarily by the social aspects of the movement, striking a balance between the two. This state of affairs persisted for many years until 11 of these courts based in Mogadishu banded together to form the Islamic Courts Union, with a much more appealing agenda: restore law and order.

Appealing that is to everyone except the warlords, who exemplified criminal despotism, and by May 2006 the UIC was in an all out street war with the warlords, who had banded together and secured US financial backing in order to defeat them. It was not enough however, and the UIC achieved total victory on June 6, 2006. The UIC swept out of Mogadishu and linked up with independent courts throughout central Somalia, forging an administration that rapidly eclipsed all other states in Somalia by August 16, 2006.

Galmudug

Various clan elders led by the

See also

• War in Somalia (1992–1993)
• Somalia War (2006–2009)
• Somali Civil War (2009–present)
• Factions in the Somali Civil War
• Mogadishu Line
• Operation Deliverance
• Operation Linda Nchi
• List of conflicts in the Horn of Africa

References