Coprine
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Names | |
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IUPAC name
N5-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)-L-glutamine
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Systematic IUPAC name
(2S)-2-Amino-5-[(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C8H14N2O4 | |
Molar mass | 202.210 g·mol−1 |
Melting point | 197 to 199 °C (387 to 390 °F; 470 to 472 K)[1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Coprine is a mycotoxin. It was first isolated from common inkcap (Coprinopsis atramentaria). It occurs in mushrooms in the genera Coprinopsis.[2] When combined with alcohol, it causes "Coprinus syndrome".[3]: 284 [4] It inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is involved in the metabolism of alcohol. This inhibition leads to a buildup of acetaldehyde, causing an alcohol flush reaction. Because of this, the mushroom is commonly referred to as Tippler's Bane.
History
Because of the similarities to
Symptoms
Symptoms of coprine poisoning include facial reddening/flushing,
In examining coprine poisoning cases in Germany in 2010, none of the patients died, and all made full recoveries after abstaining from alcohol. In one case medical care was not sought at all, and while there was a range in time of ethanol consumption after mushroom consumption, all the cases had well-cooked the mushrooms before ingestion.[10]
The symptoms of coprine poisoning and alcohol consumption are similar to those induced by
Mechanism of action
Coprine
1-Aminocyclopropanol also deactivates the esterase activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, but less significantly.[13]
Synthesis
Coprine is the first discovered compound with a naturally occurring cyclopropanone group.[7] Chemical synthesis can be effectively carried out by conducting an N-acylation reaction on 1-aminocyclopropanol.[7] Treatment of isocyanatocyclopropane with hydrochloric acid leads to the hydrochloride of 1-aminocyclopropanol. Adding sodium hydroxide to create 1-aminocyclopropanol will destabilize the structure, so synthesis must be conducted using the hydrochloride. The addition of the hydrochloride to N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic anhydride will undergo acylation. Lastly, the blocking group is removed using hydrazine, yielding coprine.[7] The enantiomer, isocoprine, is formed in negligible quantities in small-scale synthesis but is synthesized in higher amounts in large-scale, industrial synthesis.[7]
References
- ^ RÖMPP Online – Version 3.4, Stuttgart: Thieme Chemistry, 2009
- ^ "Disulfiramlike Mushroom Toxicity". Medscape. 2017-01-07.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7167-2600-5.
- PMID 1344910.
- ^ PMC 1574797.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 369602.
- ^ a b "Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes". North American Mycological Association. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- S2CID 43434106.
- ^ PMID 22544865.
- PMID 1344910.
- PMID 6870943.