Crossed module

In mathematics, and especially in homotopy theory, a crossed module consists of groups ${\displaystyle G}$ and ${\displaystyle H}$, where ${\displaystyle G}$

on ${\displaystyle H}$ by automorphisms (which we will write on the left, ${\displaystyle (g,h)\mapsto g\cdot h}$ , and a homomorphism of groups

${\displaystyle d\colon H\longrightarrow G,}$

that is

action of ${\displaystyle G}$ on itself:

${\displaystyle d(g\cdot h)=gd(h)g^{-1}}$

and also satisfies the so-called Peiffer identity:

${\displaystyle d(h_{1})\cdot h_{2}=h_{1}h_{2}h_{1}^{-1}}$

The first mention of the second identity for a crossed module seems to be in footnote 25 on p. 422 of J. H. C. Whitehead's 1941 paper cited below, while the term 'crossed module' is introduced in his 1946 paper cited below. These ideas were well worked up in his 1949 paper 'Combinatorial homotopy II', which also introduced the important idea of a free crossed module. Whitehead's ideas on crossed modules and their applications are developed and explained in the book by Brown, Higgins, Sivera listed below. Some generalisations of the idea of crossed module are explained in the paper of Janelidze.

Let ${\displaystyle N}$ be a normal subgroup of a group ${\displaystyle G}$. Then, the inclusion

${\displaystyle d\colon N\longrightarrow G}$

is a crossed module with the conjugation action of ${\displaystyle G}$ on ${\displaystyle N}$.

For any group G, modules over the group ring are crossed G-modules with d = 0.

For any group H, the homomorphism from H to Aut(H) sending any element of H to the corresponding inner automorphism is a crossed module.

Given any central extension of groups

${\displaystyle 1\to A\to H\to G\to 1\!}$

the surjective homomorphism

${\displaystyle d\colon H\to G\!}$

together with the action of ${\displaystyle G}$ on ${\displaystyle H}$ defines a crossed module. Thus, central extensions can be seen as special crossed modules. Conversely, a crossed module with surjective boundary defines a central extension.

If (X,A,x) is a pointed pair of

(i.e. ${\displaystyle A}$ is a subspace of ${\displaystyle X}$, and ${\displaystyle x}$ is a point in ${\displaystyle A}$), then the homotopy boundary

${\displaystyle d\colon \pi _{2}(X,A,x)\rightarrow \pi _{1}(A,x)\!}$

from the second relative homotopy group to the fundamental group, may be given the structure of crossed module. The functor

${\displaystyle \Pi \colon ({\text{pairs of pointed spaces}})\rightarrow ({\text{crossed modules}})}$

satisfies a form of the

, in that it preserves certain colimits.

The result on the crossed module of a pair can also be phrased as: if

${\displaystyle F\rightarrow E\rightarrow B\!}$

is a pointed fibration of spaces, then the induced map of fundamental groups

${\displaystyle d\colon \pi _{1}(F)\rightarrow \pi _{1}(E)\!}$

may be given the structure of crossed module. This example is useful in algebraic K-theory. There are higher-dimensional versions of this fact using n-cubes of spaces.

These examples suggest that crossed modules may be thought of as "2-dimensional groups". In fact, this idea can be made precise using category theory. It can be shown that a crossed module is essentially the same as a categorical group or 2-group: that is, a group object in the category of categories, or equivalently a category object in the category of groups. This means that the concept of crossed module is one version of the result of blending the concepts of "group" and "category". This equivalence is important for higher-dimensional versions of groups.

Any crossed module

${\displaystyle M=(d\colon H\longrightarrow G)\!}$

has a

to BM. This allows one to prove that (pointed, weak) homotopy 2-types are completely described by crossed modules.

External links

• Baez, J.; Lauda, A. (2003). "Higher-dimensional algebra V: 2-groups".
  arXiv:math.QA/0307200
  .
• Brown, R. (1999). "Groupoids and crossed objects in algebraic topology" (PDF). Homology, Homotopy and Applications. 1 (1): 1–78.
  doi:10.4310/HHA.1999.v1.n1.a1
  .
• Brown, R. (1982). "Higher-dimensional group theory". Low-Dimensional Topology. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Vol. 48. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–240.
  ISBN 978-0-521-28146-1
  .
• Brown, R.; Higgins, P.J.; Sivera, R. (2011). Nonabelian algebraic topology: filtered spaces, crossed complexes, cubical homotopy groupoids. EMS Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 15.
  ISBN 978-3-03719-583-3
  .
• Forrester-Barker, M. (2002). "Group objects and internal categories".
  arXiv:math/0212065
  .
• Noohi, Behrang (2007). "Notes on 2-groupoids, 2-groups and crossed modules". Homology, Homotopy and Applications. 9 (1): 75–106.
  S2CID 13604037
  .
• crossed module at the nLab

References

• Whitehead, J.H.C. (1941). "On adding relations to homotopy groups". Ann. of Math. 42 (2): 409–428.
  JSTOR 1968907
  .
• Whitehead, J.H.C. (1946). "Note on a previous paper entitled "On adding relations to homotopy groups"". Ann. of Math. 47 (2): 806–810.
  JSTOR 1969237
  .
• Whitehead, J.H.C. (1949). "Combinatorial homotopy. II". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (5): 453–496.
  doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1949-09213-3
  .
• Janelidze, G. (2003). "Internal crossed modules". Georgian Math. J. 10 (1): 99–114.
  S2CID 125311722
  .