Cryptomonas
Cryptomonas | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Chromista |
Phylum: | Cryptophyta |
Class: | Cryptophyceae |
Order: | Cryptomonadales |
Family: | Cryptomonadaceae |
Genus: | Cryptomonas Ehrenberg, 1831 |
Type species | |
Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg 1831
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Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
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Cryptomonas is the name-giving genus of the Cryptomonads established by German biologist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1831.[1] The algae are common in freshwater habitats and brackish water worldwide and often form blooms in greater depths of lakes.[2] The cells are usually brownish or greenish in color and are characteristic of having a slit-like furrow at the anterior.[2] They are not known to produce any toxins. They are used to feed small zooplankton, which is the food source for small fish in fish farms.[2] Many species of Cryptomonas can only be identified by DNA sequencing.[3][4] Cryptomonas can be found in several marine ecosystems in Australia and South Korea.[2][5]
Etymology
Cryptomonas has the meaning of hidden small flagellates from “crypto” and “monas”.[6][7]
Genome Structure
Species within Cryptomonas contain four genomes: the
Functions
Cryptomonas are also
Reproduction
Replication of Cryptomonas occurs in early summer when fresh water species are also reproducing.[4] Cryptomonas replicates via mitosis that only takes about ten minutes.[4] Sexual reproduction is not observed in this genus as many other genera of Cryptophytes also do not reproduce sexually.[4]
Cell Structure
Organisms are asymmetric with a transparent
Two boat-shaped plastids are observed in the cells.
Behaviour
Cryptomonas are large in size, grow rather slowly, and are limited in nutrients.[4] It also migrates between depths of water in order to reach depths that are ideal for photosynthesis and bacteriograzing, as well avoiding organisms that are their predators.[4] Typically, they are found at depths of up to 102 meters and in a temperature range of -1.4 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Cryptomonas seem to grow and survive with little competition.[4] Cryptomonas swim actively, and they rotate while moving and sometimes swim in helical motion.[10]
Dimorphism
Life history-dependent dimorphism was first described in organisms in 1986.
Traditionally, Cryptomonas was considered to be 3 separate genera:
The furrow-gullet system was used as a standard for organization of genera for many years.[2] Most other Cryptophyte genera have either furrow or gullet, but Cryptomonas is one of the genera that possess a combination of the two, creating a furrow-gullet complex.[2] The furrow-gullet complex is used by the cells to digest food for smaller organisms.[8] Also, ejectisomes are found to be surrounding the complex.[2] Previously, different textures of furrow plates are used to classify genera. For example, a furrow plate (extending posteriorly along one side of the ventral furrow-gullet complex) has been described as “scalariform” in Campylomonas yet “fibrous” in Cryptomonas.[2] In addition, in Cryptomonas, the inner periplast component consists of polygonal plates. In contrast, in Campylomonas, the inner periplast component is a continuous sheet-like layer.[2]
However, during later research, more evidence of both
Further research
In addition to plastids containing phycoerythrobilin, campylomorphs, formerly genera Campylomonas and Chilomonas, also contain a colorless plastid that lacks photosynthetic pigment: leucoplast.[4]
Since the complete loss of photopigments clearly distinguishes the leukoplastidious cryptophytes from Cryptomonas, the incorporation of “Chilomonas” with Cryptomonas has been highly debatable. Scientists have not yet found out an explanation of how leucoplasts disappear during later life stage and when they disappear.[4]
Species
- Cryptomonas ampulla Playfair
- Cryptomonas anomala F.E.Fritsch, 1914
- Cryptomonas appendiculata Schiller, 1957
- Cryptomonas baltica (G.Karsten) Butcher, 1967
- Cryptomonas borealis Skuja, 1956
- Cryptomonas brevis J.Schiller
- Cryptomonas commutata (Pascher) Hoef-Emden, 2007
- Cryptomonas compressa Pascher, 1913
- Cryptomonas croatanica P.H.Campbell, 1973
- Cryptomonas curvata Ehrenberg, 1831
- Cryptomonas cylindracea Skuja, 1956
- Cryptomonas czosnowskii Kisselev
- Cryptomonas erosa Ehrenberg, 1832
- Cryptomonas gemma Playfair
- Cryptomonas gracilis Skuja
- Cryptomonas gyropyrenoidosa Hoef-Emden & Melkonian, 2003
- Cryptomonas marssonii Skuja, 1948
- Cryptomonas maxima Playfair
- Cryptomonas mikrokuamosa R.E.Norris, 1964
- Cryptomonas nasuta Pascher
- Cryptomonas oblonga Playfair
- Cryptomonas obovata Czosnowski, 1948
- Cryptomonas obovoidea Pascher, 1913
- Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg, 1832
- Cryptomonas paramaecium (Ehrenberg) Hoef-Emden & Melkonian, 2003
- Cryptomonas parapyrenoidifera Skuja
- Cryptomonas pelagica H.Lohmann
- Cryptomonas phaseolus Skuja, 1948
- Cryptomonas platyuris Skuja, 1948
- Cryptomonas profunda R.W.Butcher, 1967
- Cryptomonas prora W.Conrad & H.Kufferath
- Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera Geitler, 1922
- Cryptomonas rhynchophora (W.Conrad) Butcher
- Cryptomonas richei F.E.Fritsch, 1914
- Cryptomonas rostrata Skuja, 1948
- Cryptomonas splendida J.Czosnowski
- Cryptomonas tenuis Pascher
- Cryptomonas testacea P.H.Campbell, 1973
- Cryptomonas tetrapyrenoidosa Skuja, 1948
References
- ^ a b c d e f Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 21810989.
- ^ PMID 14658496.
- .
- ^ "Medical Definition of MONAS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- ^ "Definition of CRYPTO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- ^ S2CID 84268839.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- PMID 16665394.
- ^ "Taxonomy Browser :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 2017-04-28.