Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli | |
|---|---|
Groningen, Dutch Republic | |
| Died | 27 March 1782 (aged 82) |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Education | University of Basel (M.D., 1721) Heidelberg University University of Strasbourg |
| Known for | Bernoulli's principle Early kinetic theory of gases Thermodynamics |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics, physics, medicine |
| Thesis | Dissertatio physico-medica de respiratione (Dissertation on the medical physics of respiration) (1721) |
| Signature | |
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Daniel Bernoulli FRS (/bɜːrˈnuːli/ bur-NOO-lee, Swiss Standard German: [ˈdaːni̯eːl bɛrˈnʊli];[1] 8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1700 – 27 March 1782[2]) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist[2] and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family from Basel. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics.[3] His name is commemorated in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular example of the conservation of energy, which describes the mathematics of the mechanism underlying the operation of two important technologies of the 20th century: the carburetor and the aeroplane wing.[4][5]
Early life
Daniel Bernoulli was born in
The Bernoulli family came originally from Antwerp, at that time in theDaniel was the son of Johann Bernoulli (one of the early developers of calculus) and a nephew of Jacob Bernoulli (an early researcher in probability theory and the discoverer of the mathematical constant e).[6] He had two brothers, Niklaus and Johann II. Daniel Bernoulli was described by W. W. Rouse Ball as "by far the ablest of the younger Bernoullis".[7]
He is said to have had a bad relationship with his father. Both of them entered and tied for first place in a scientific contest at the University of Paris. Johann banned Daniel from his house allegedly for being unable to bear the "shame" of being compared Daniel's equal. Johann allegedly plagiarized key ideas from Daniel's book Hydrodynamica in his book Hydraulica and backdated them to before Hydrodynamica.[citation needed]. Daniel's attempts" at reconciliation with his father were unsuccessful.[8]
When he was in school, Johann encouraged Daniel to study business citing poor financial compensation for mathematicians. Daniel initially refused but later relented and studied both business and medicine at his father's behest under the condition that his father would teach him mathematics privately.[8] Daniel studied medicine at Basel, Heidelberg, and Strasbourg, and earned a PhD in anatomy and botany in 1721.[9]
He was a contemporary and close friend of Leonhard Euler.[10] He went to St. Petersburg in 1724 as professor of mathematics, but was very unhappy there. A temporary illness[8] together with the censorship by the Russian Orthodox Church[11] and disagreements over his salary gave him an excuse for leaving St. Petersburg in 1733.[12] He returned to the University of Basel, where he successively held the chairs of medicine, metaphysics, and natural philosophy until his death.[13]
In May 1750 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[14]
Mathematical work
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_(cropped).jpg)
His earliest mathematical work was the Exercitationes (Mathematical Exercises), published in 1724 with the help of
Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about the flow of fluids. In particular, they wanted to know about the relationship between the speed at which blood flows and its pressure. To investigate this, Daniel experimented by puncturing the wall of a pipe with a small open ended straw and noted that the height to which the fluid rose up the straw was related to fluid's pressure in the pipe.[15]
Soon physicians all over Europe were measuring patients' blood pressure by sticking point-ended glass tubes directly into their arteries. It was not until about 170 years later, in 1896 that an Italian doctor discovered a less painful method which is still in use today. However, Bernoulli's method of measuring pressure is still used today in modern aircraft to measure the speed of the air passing the plane; that is its air speed.
Taking his discoveries further, Daniel Bernoulli now returned to his earlier work on Conservation of Energy. It was known that a moving body exchanges its kinetic energy for potential energy when it gains height. Daniel realised that in a similar way, a moving fluid exchanges its specific kinetic energy for pressure, the former being the kinetic energy per unit volume. Mathematically this law is now written:
where P is pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid and u is its velocity.
-
A 1738 copy of Bernoulli's Hydrodynamica -
First page of the first section of a 1738 copy of Hydrodynamica
Economics and statistics
In his 1738 book Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis (Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk),[16] Bernoulli offered a solution to the St. Petersburg paradox as the basis of the economic theory of risk aversion, risk premium, and utility.[17] Bernoulli often noticed that when making decisions that involved some uncertainty, people did not always try to maximize their possible monetary gain, but rather tried to maximize "utility", an economic term encompassing their personal satisfaction and benefit. Bernoulli realized that for humans, there is a direct relationship between money gained and utility, but that it diminishes as the money gained increases. For example, to a person whose income is $10,000 per year, an additional $100 in income will provide more utility than it would to a person whose income is $50,000 per year.[18]
One of the earliest attempts to analyze a statistical problem involving
Physics
In Hydrodynamica (1738) he laid the basis for the kinetic theory of gases, and applied the idea to explain Boyle's law.[7]
He worked with Euler on
According to Léon Brillouin, the principle of superposition was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli in 1753: "The general motion of a vibrating system is given by a superposition of its proper vibrations."[21]
Works
- Pieces qui ont remporté le Prix double de l'Academie royale des sciences en 1737 (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1737.
Legacy
In 2002, Bernoulli was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[22]
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ Mangold, Max (1990). Duden — Das Aussprachewörterbuch. 3. Auflage. Mannheim/Wien/Zürich, Dudenverlag.
- ^ a b "Daniel Bernoulli". Notable Names Database. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ISBN 9780471725176.
- ISBN 9781439849576.
- ISBN 9781317470427.
- ^ a b Rothbard, Murray. Daniel Bernoulli and the Founding of Mathematical Economics Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Mises Institute (excerpted from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought)
- ^ ISBN 0-486-20630-0.
- ^ a b c O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Daniel Bernoulli", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews (1998)
- ISBN 0-521-45435-2.
- (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2019.
- ^ Calinger, Ronald (1996).p.127
- ^ Calinger, Ronald (1996), pp.127–128
- ^ a b [Anon.] (2001) "Daniel Bernoulli", Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 13 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ The Turner Collection, Keele University, includes Bernoulli's diagram to illustrate how pressure is measured. See also part of Bernoulli's original Latin explanation.
- (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2008.
- ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "The St. Petersburg Paradox by R. M. Martin
- ^ Cooter & Ulen (2016), pp. 44–45.
- S2CID 8169180. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2007.
- ISBN 0-486-61187-6.
- ^ Brillouin, L. (1946). Wave propagation in Periodic Structures: Electric Filters and Crystal Lattices, McGraw–Hill, New York, p. 2.
- ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
Works cited
- (Original entry based on the Rouse History of Mathematics)
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 805.
- Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. Heinemann: London. ISBN 0-435-54150-1.
- ISBN 978-0-13-254065-0.
- Mikhailov, G.K. (2005). "Hydrodynamica". In ISBN 978-0-08-045744-4.
- Pacey, A. J.; Fisher, S. J. (December 1967). "Daniel Bernoulli and the vis viva of compressed air". British Journal for the History of Science. 3 (4): 388–392. S2CID 145513749.
- Straub, Hans (1970). "Bernoulli, Daniel". ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
External links
- "Bernoulli Daniel". Mathematik.ch. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- Rothbard, Murray. Daniel Bernoulli and the Founding of Mathematical Economics Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Mises Institute (excerpted from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought)
- ScienceWorld.
- Works by Daniel Bernoulli at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Daniel Bernoulli at Internet Archive
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