Daniel Elfrith
Daniel Elfrith | |
---|---|
Born | fl. 1607 |
Died | 1641 |
Piratical career | |
Type | Privateer |
Allegiance | England |
Years active | 1610s–1640s |
Rank | Admiral |
Base of operations | Bermuda |
Commands | The Robert The Treasurer |
Later work | Colonist |
Daniel Elfrith (fl. 1607–1641) was a 17th-century English privateer, colonist and slave trader. In the service of the Earl of Warwick, Elfrith was involved in privateering expeditions against the Spanish from his base in Bermuda. He was particularly known for capturing Spanish slave ships bound for the Spanish Main and selling the slaves himself to rival colonies in the Caribbean and the American colonies.
He and John Jope[1] were the first men to arrive in the English Colony of Virginia to sell slaves. Arriving only four days ahead his partner, Jope had sold the first African slaves in the American colonies in exchange for provisions, however Elfrith's arrival sparked considerably more controversy and was turned away by the colony.
He is also one of the earliest Englishmen, along with
Biography
An active privateer in the
In early 1618, Elfrith was hired by Sir Robert Rich,
In mid-July 1619, he and
However, he did return to Virginia periodically while on privateering voyages against the Spanish during the next year. Acting under orders from Governor Argall, who may have misrepresented the Earl of Warwick to justify his activities, he continued raiding Spanish shipping. Nathaniel Butler, governor of Bermuda and protégé of the Earl of Warwick, wrote to the Earl reporting that Elfrith's vessel was "in an unseaworthy condition and with her a number of negros" when he arrived in the island later that year. He further stated that
..he had disposed of his lordships negroes according to instructions, but that the Treasurer's people were dangerous-tongued fellows and had given out secretly that, if they were not paid to their uttermost penny of wages, they would go to the Spanish Ambassador [Diego Sarmiento d'Acuna de Gondomar] and tell all.
While on a privateering expedition with Captain
Elfrith was appointed admiral of the colony's military forces in 1631, and Black Rock Fort the following year, remaining the overall military commander for over seven years. During this time, Elfrith served as a guide to other privateers and sea captains arriving in the Caribbean. As early as 1631, he warned of places where English ships might be attacked by natives or escaped slaves including the areas of Dominica and Trujillo.[6]
That same year, he left on an unauthorized expedition to
In an effort to make peace with the company, he gave them his Logbook which contained an elaborate manuscript describing the coastlines and the navigation directions of the Caribbean. Considered by modern editors and cartographers as "remarkably accurate", Elfrith wrote that he had compiled this information during his exploration and privateering voyages for his own use and felt that he should make it available to English captains as many of the other "ancient seamen" who also knew these charts were now dead and that the "drafts and platts made in England were very false". Also included were details for the approaches of the Mosquito Coast and the Bay of Trujilo as well as Providence Island itself.
In 1632, he and Samuel Axe, the other principal military commander, became involved in an argument resulting in Axe leaving the colony and the PIC. A dispute between the two first arose at the first harvest of the island's first tobacco crop. The PIC had made a vague mention of Elfrith, Axe and Bell receiving a portion for their efforts in establishing the colony with Elfrith and Axe arguing over their shares. The two also disagreed of the strategic value of Warwick Fort. Axe ultimately decided to leave the colony because of this dispute.
In 1636, Elfrith resumed privateering upon receiving a letter of marque from the PIC. He was replaced by Governor
References
- ^ "First Africans of English America 1619 | "Kinfolk Detective" | Kinfolk Detective | Author K. I. Knight | Genealogy | Historical Fiction | African American History". Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
- ISBN 0-87413-411-0
- ISBN 0-312-35453-3
- ^ Brown, Alexander. First Republic in America: An Account of the Origin of This Nation, Written from the Records Then (1624) Concealed by the Council, Rather Than from the Histories Then Licensed by the Crown. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1898. (pp. 267, 284, 286)
- ISBN 0-8147-4296-3
- ISBN 0-674-01122-8