Differential outcomes effect

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The differential outcomes effect (DOE) is a

experiments that the DOE exists in most species capable of learning.[2]

Definition

The DOE not only states that an association between a stimulus and a response is formed as traditional classical conditioning states, but that a simultaneous association is formed between a stimulus and a reinforcer in the subject. If one were to pair a stimulus with a reinforcer, that is known as a differential condition. When this is employed, one can expect a higher accuracy in tests when discriminating between two stimuli, due to this increased amount of information available to the subject than in a non-differential condition.

History

In 1970 the DOE was discovered by Trapold when testing the reasoning behind the theory.

control group.[1]

The DOE was then found to exist in various species including but not limited to

shapes. Children who were given either a reinforcer consisting of food for one response or given a verbal reinforcer for another response gave far more accurate answers than those who were given random reinforcers for different responses.[5]

Then in 2002, Odette Miller, Kevin Waugh, and Karen Chambers proved that the DOE exists in

photo and prize for answering correctly. Participants in the group given a non-differential condition were given a random photo and prize for answering the question correctly. The group given a differential condition fared far better than those in the group with the non-differential condition, demonstrating that the DOE not only exists in adult humans but also can be applied to tasks requiring discrimination of more than two stimuli.[6]

A meta-analysis demonstrated that the DOP has a large effect on humans, demonstrating that effect in

typically developing children and healthy adults.[7] More recently several studies have looked at the applications of the differential outcomes effect for populations with intellectual disabilities and pervasive developmental disabilities.[8][9]
Scientists have theorised that this procedure may be useful in overcoming barriers to learning.

References

  1. ^
    ISSN 0023-9690
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  2. S2CID 29565288
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  3. S2CID 53005289
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  4. PMID 11029025
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  5. ^ a b Maki, Pauline; Overmier, J. Bruce; Delos, Sandra; Gutmann, Arlyne J. (1995). "Expectancies as factors influencing conditional discrimination performance of children". The Psychological Record. 45 (1): 45–71.
  6. ^
    S2CID 141282276
    .
  7. S2CID 195696351
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  8. PMID 12564943
    .
  9. S2CID 256432145
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