Dum Diversas
Dum Diversas (english: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. Addressed to Afonso V of Portugal, it recognized Portugal's rights to territories it had discovered along the West African coast, and the reduction of the infidels and non-Christians territories to perpetual vassals of the Christian monarch.[1]
Background
By the summer of 1452 Ottoman Sultan
In mid-15th-century Portugal, the ideals of chivalric honour and crusading were seen as the path for ambition and success. During the reign of Afonso V, the Portuguese nobility enjoyed great influence and prestige, and for several decades, the House of Braganza was the wealthiest and most influential force in the kingdom. In 1415, the wisdom and the justice of an attack on Morocco had to be seriously weighed, but during the reign of Afonso V and for the century afterward, "such enterprises were accepted as self-justifying crusades for religion, chivalry, and honor".[6]
The raids and attacks of the Reconquista created captives on both sides, who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended that to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of it as a crusade. Similarly, after the 1441 attack on Mauretania, the crown again sought after the fact, papal acknowledgement that it was part of a just conflict. Such a determination would then indicate that those captured could legitimately be sold as slaves.[7]
Content
To confirm the Portuguese trade rights, King Afonso V appealed to Pope Nicholas V for support, seeking the moral authority of the Church for his monopoly.[8] The bull of 1452 was addressed to Afonso V and conceded Portugal's right to attack, conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans "...and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as well as their kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property [...] and to reduce their persons into perpetual servitude."[9][4]
Wilhelm Grewe finds Dum Diversas essentially "geographically unlimited" in its application, perhaps the most important papal act relating to Portuguese colonisation.[10] Although undefined, Richard Raiswell says that it clearly refers to the recently discovered lands along the coast of West Africa.[11] Portuguese ventures were intended to compete with the Muslim trans-Sahara caravans, which held a monopoly on West African gold and ivory.[12]
Inter caetera of 1456
Pope Calixtus III reiterated the main points of Dum Diversas in his bull four years later, Inter Caetera of 1456. Once again the Pope was attempting to raise support for a campaign against the advance of the Turks. Nuncios had been dispatched to all the countries of Europe to beseech the princes to join once more in an effort to check the danger of a Turkish invasion. However, the princes of Europe were slow in responding to the call of the pope, largely due to their own national rivalries. On 29 June 1456, Callixtus ordered the church bells to be rung at noon (see
On March 13, 1456,[14] Callixtus issued the papal bull Inter caetera (not to be confused with Inter caetera of 1493). This bull reaffirmed the earlier bulls Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex, which recognized Portugal's rights to territories it had discovered along the West African coast, and the reduction of the infidels and non-Christians territories to perpetual vassals of the Christian monarch.
King Afonso had requested that ecclesiastical jurisdiction over lands located in the vicinity of the southern shore of Guinea be vested with the
Some historians view these bulls together as extending the theological legacy of Pope Urban II's Crusades to justify European colonization and expansionism,[4] accommodating "both the marketplace and the yearnings of the Christian soul."[16] A combination of pragmatism, fear of the Turks, and lobbying by vested interests meant that the crusade was associated with discovery well into the sixteenth century.[17] The proclamations' long-term implications were, of course, not realized at the time.[18]
In 1537 Pope Paul III condemned "unjust" enslavement of non-Christians in
Dum Diversas, along with other bulls such as
See also
- Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
- Sicut Dudum
Notes
- ^ Davenport, Frances Gardiner, and Paullin, Charles Oscar. 1917. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1684. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 12. A large excerpt of the bull, in Latin, can be found in Davenport, p. 17, Doc. 1, note 37.
- ISBN 1-4039-6188-3. p. 18.
- ^ Bourne, Edward Gaylord. 1903. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803. The A.H. Clark company. p. 136.
- ^ ISBN 1-85984-454-5. p. 94.
- ISBN 9780819601896
- ^ Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol.1, Chapt. 10, p.6
- ISBN 9780292712768
- ISBN 9780312616120
- ^ a b Hayes, Diana. 1998. "Reflections on Slavery". in Curran, Charles E. Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching.
- ISBN 3-11-015339-4. p. 230.
- ISBN 9780874368857
- ISBN 9780865548688
- ^ MacCaffrey, James. "Pope Callistus III." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 Jul. 2014
- ^ Davenport & Paullin 1917, p. 27.
- ^ European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917), p. 31
- ISBN 0-8006-2767-9. p. 117.
- ISBN 9780198208112
- ^ Bown 2012, p. 75.
- ^ "Sublimus dei on the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians". 29 May 1537.
- ISBN 0-8135-3552-2. p. 52.
- ISBN 0-253-20872-6. p. 31.
References
- Bown, Stephen R. (2012). 1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the World in Half. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-61612-0.
- Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar (1917). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1684. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
- Housley, Norman. Religious Warfare in Europe 1400-1536, p. 187, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 9780198208112
- Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol.1, Chapt. 10