The eukaryotic initiation factor-4A (eIF4A) family consists of 3 closely related
40S ribosomal subunits. In addition these proteins are helicases that function to unwind double-stranded RNA.[1][2]
Background
The mechanisms governing the basic subsistence of
protein synthesis – the regulation of translation has become a well-studied field.[3] Human translational control is of increasing research interest as it has connotations in a range of diseases.[4] Orthologs of many of the factors involved in human translation are shared by a range of eukaryotic organisms; some of which are used as model systems for the investigation of translation initiation and elongation, for example: sea urchin eggs upon fertilization,[5] rodent brain[6] and rabbit reticulocytes.[7] Monod and Jacob were among the first to propose that "the synthesis of individual proteins may be provoked or suppressed within a cell, under the influence of specific external agents, and the relative rates at which different proteins may be profoundly altered, depending upon external conditions".[8] Almost half a century after the flurry of postulations arising from the revelation of the central dogma of molecular biology, of which the preceding supposition by Monod and Jacob is an example; contemporary researchers still have much to learn about the modulation of genetic expression. Synthesis of protein from mature messenger RNA in eukaryotes is divided into translation initiation, elongation, and termination of these stages; the initiation of translation is the rate limiting step. Within the process of translation initiation; the bottleneck occurs shortly before the ribosome binds to the 5’ m7GTP facilitated by a number of proteins; it is at this stage that constrictions born of stress, amino acid
starvation etc. take effect.
Function
Eukaryotic initiation factor complex 2 (eIF2) forms a
eIF4F
has implications in the normal regulation of translation as well as the transformation and progression of cancerous cells; as such, it represents an interesting field of research.
Mechanism
The repertoire of compounds involved in eukaryotic translation consists of initiation factor classes 1 – 6;
eIF4F. For maximal activity; eIF4A also requires eIF4B (80 kDa), which itself is enhanced by eIF4H (25 kDa).[11] A study conducted by Bi et al. in wheat germ seemed to indicate that eIF4A has a higher binding affinity for ADP than ATP except in the presence of eIF4B, which increased the ATP binding affinity tenfold without affecting ADP affinity.[12] Once bound to the 5’ cap of mRNA, this 48S complex then searches for the (usually) AUG start codon
and translation begins.
Genes
In humans, the gene encoding eIF4A isoform I has a transcript length of 1741bp, contains 11 exons, and is located on chromosome 17.[13][14] The genes for human isoforms II and III reside on chromosomes 3[15] and 17[16][17] respectively.
Proteins
The 407 residue,
RNA splicing as well as translation initiation.[19] Crystallographic analysis of yeast eIF4A carried out by Carruthers et al. (2000)[20] revealed that the molecule is approximately 80 Å in length and has a “dumbbell” shape where the proximal section represents an 11 residue (18 Å) linker postulated to confer a degree of flexibility and distension to the molecule in solution. eIF4A is an abundant cytoplasmic protein.[21]
Three isoforms of eIF4A exist; I and II share 95% amino acid similarity and have been found simultaneously in rabbit reticulocyte
eIF4F in a ratio of 4:1, respectively.[22] The third isoform; eIF4A III, which shares only 65% similarity to the other isoforms is believed to be a core component of the exon junction complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing.[23]
