Economy of the Ashanti Empire
The Economy of the Ashanti Empire was largely a
State revenues
The Ashanti had an effective system of accounting to control public funds. The state treasury was made up of two boxes known as Adaka Kesie (Big Box) and Apim Adaka (Box of thousand) in separate rooms.
Tributary States
According to
Trade
In the early 19th century, markets became essential in Ashanti economy. Markets were held daily from eight o'clock in the morning until sunset. Bowdich pointed out that these markets had about sixty stalls and sheds. Foreign imports into these markets included pillows, pipes, tobacco and brassware. There was the presence of internal marketing and
The main Ashanti trade routes were located at the North and South. The northern trade routes involved trade contacts with forest savannah fringes of the Brong districts in modern Ghana, east-central and northern Ivory Coast, Upper Volta and Dahomey. The southern trade route was established at the coast. At the market towns on the northern trade routes, the Ashanti merchants exchanged kola nuts for salt and European goods for shea butter, livestock, cotton silk threads and cloths, metal locks, gold and slaves.[1] Under Osei Kofi Tutu I, the Ashanti established commercial relations with European merchants at the coast following the victory over Denkyira in 1701.[10] In the southern trade routes, the Ashanti sold gold, ivory, slaves and rubber in exchange for firearms, lead bars, gunpowder, drinks and salt. Ashanti rulers commanded the bulk of the trade with Europeans at the coast. Commoners still took part in the trade with Europeans as noted by Scholar K.Y. Daaku. Ashanti Commoners traded primarily in rubber at the coast. The northern trade saw participation by all individuals and families irrespective of their social status. Historian Arhin mentions the northern trade "as more productive of wealth" with "more general participation."[1]
After the early 19th century ban on the Atlantic Slave Trade south, the Ashanti invested more into the northern trade.[11][12] Dalrymple-Smith adds that the Ashanti invested in the northern trade before 1808.[13] Historian Austin writes that Ashanti's main exports in the 19th century were kola nuts to the north, and gold at the south. Rubber replaced gold as the major export south in the last 2 decades of the century.[14] Long-distance trading was carried out by occasional, professional and state funded traders. Traders of Ashanti gold and slaves were taxed at the borders of the empire.[2]
Industry
Certain villages were specialized in a particular craft. It was common for the Ashanti government to settle war captives with craft skills in such villages. The village of
Mining
Mining was both an individual and communal chore. Individuals along with children partook in
Slave trade
Trade in slaves was a major tradition in pre-colonial
I cannot make war to catch slaves in the bush, like a thief. My ancestors never did so. But if I fight a king and kill him when he is insolent, then certainly I must have his gold, and his slaves, and the people are mine too. Do not White kings act like this?
— Osei Bonsu.[19]
He also references Brodie Cruickshank, who wrote in 1853 that "The Ashantee wars are never undertaken expressly to supply this demand."[20] Wilks writes that slaves were more important to the Ashanti economy in the form of domestic labor in the agricultural and industrial sector than for export in the Atlantic slave trade.[19] Some historians such as Reid and Dalrymple-Smith have commented that the Ashanti economy did not depend on the Atlantic slave trade.[21][22] Stilwell states that the Ashanti rulers traded in slaves but "also sought other economic options."[23]
Agriculture
From the 17th century, the Ashanti economy revolved around the rural production of staple crops which was supplemented by hunting. Ashanti agriculture was in a subsistence form during this time period.[24] Throughout history, the Ashanti used the axe, cutlass, billhook and hoe for clearing and maintaining the land.[25] Ashanti farmers practiced both land and crop rotation. The basic Ashanti farm was made up of the land containing the crops and the non-farm land under fallow.[26] From the 19th century, agriculture became intensified and extensive especially in and around Kumasi. According to Bowdich in 1817, crops around Esereso near Kumasi, were planted in triangular beds with small drains around each. Both Bowdich and Dupuis noted the existence of large fenced yam fields which were planted in rectangular lines.[27] Huttonn who accompanied Dupuis in 1820, stated that several plantations near Kumasi were enclosed. Some cleared grounds covered as much as 2 acres. These lands were laid out in small beds which were not "dissimilar, or much inferior, to the country gardens in Europe."[28]
Certain farms such as Kola plantations were established with the exclusive aim of generating revenue for into the chief's treasury. These types of farms were known as Stool plantations.
References
- ^ S2CID 145522016.
- ^ S2CID 147538641.
- ^ a b Dalrymple-Smith (2019), p. 167
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 63
- ^ JSTOR 40697868.
- ISBN 0521204135.
- S2CID 159872590.
- ^ S2CID 145751403.
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 422
- ^ S2CID 159479224.
- ISBN 978-1-13-422374-9.
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 262
- ^ Dalrymple-Smith (2019), p. 163
- S2CID 145004998.
- ^ a b Edgerton (2010), p. 38
- ^ Edgerton (2010), pp. 38–39
- ISBN 9789988550325.
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 673
- ^ a b Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 176
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 675
- ISBN 9781119381921.
- ^ Dalrymple-Smith (2019), p. 142
- ISBN 9781107001343.
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 25
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 26
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 29
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 31–36
- ^ T.C. McCaskie (2003), p. 33
- ^ Edgerton (2010), p. 39
- ISBN 9780865431232
- ISBN 9780521867467.
- ISBN 9783030884031.
Bibliography
- Dalrymple-Smith, Angus E. (2019). Commercial Transitions and Abolition in West Africa 1630–1860. ISBN 9789004417120.
- Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. ISBN 9781451603736.
- ISBN 9780521379946. Retrieved 2020-12-29 – via Books.google.com.
- T.C. McCaskie (2003). State and Society in Pre-colonial Asante. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521894326.