Emulsified fuel
Emulsified Fuels are
Applications
Water continuous (oil-in-water) emulsified fuels are exemplified by the
Oil continuous (water-in-oil) emulsified fuels are exemplified by diesel (or biodiesel blended fuels) and water emulsions. These emulsified fuels were recognized in Europe (France and Italy) and CEN workshop standard was established (CWA 15145:2004). Other types of fuels have been emulsified contain between 5 and 30% water (by mass) in the overall fuel emulsion. Water-in-diesel fuel emulsion could be used as an alternative fuel for low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency.[2]
Emulsion to combustion (E2C) or on-demand water-in-fuel emulsions for HFO and Diesel for shipping and stationary boilers are available from Nonox Ltd. since 2006. The advantage of mixing on demand is no chemical surfactants are required, water/fuel ratio can be adjusted to load for maximum efficiency and no chance of separation in storage. This proven system reduces soot emissions up to 90%, NOx 40% and offers fuel savings which vary depending on the baseline efficiency of the load.
Microemulsions of fuels have also been prepared. The type of surfactants and quantities required to make these emulsion fuels sets them apart from other commercial emulsion fuels. These are considered where safety issues (e.g. fire prevention;[3]) or commercial return justify the extra costs (e.g. enhance oil recovery, surfactant flooding;[4]).
Theory
The main advantages to using emulsified fuels instead of the fuel itself are environmental and economic benefits. Addition of water to the diesel process decreases combustion temperatures and lowers NOx emissions.[5] A paper compares water injection and emulsified fuels into diesel engines (marine and stationary engines) and discusses the emissions and mechanisms involved. It concludes that emulsified fuels are singularly effective in simultaneously reducing NOx and PM emissions.[6] Another paper has examined the effects of EGR and Emulsion Fuels.[7]
See also
- Emulsions– Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids
- Emulsion dispersion – Thermoplastics or elastomers suspended in a liquid state by means of emulsifiers
- Microemulsion
- Miniemulsion – Particular type of emulsion
- Pickering emulsion – Type of emulsion
- Water-in-water emulsion
References
- S2CID 58543105.
- S2CID 203940130.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Fire Resistant Fuels for the Military at SwRI. YouTube.
- ^ http://files.sc.akzonobel.com/bulletins/Enhanced%20Oil%20Recovery-Tech-bulletin.pdf[permanent dead link]
- ^ Canfield, C.A. (1999). Effects of Diesel-Water Emulsion Combustion on Diesel Engine NOx Emissions (M.S. thesis). State University System of Florida.
- ^ W. Addy Majewski (2002). "Water in Diesel Combustion".
- JSTOR 44742443. 2003-01-3146.
- 'Experimental investigation of a Diesel engine power, torque and noise emission using Water-Diesel emulsions', Mohammad Reza Seifi et al. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.122
External links
- Serdyuk, Vasily (2008). "In search of the fuel of the future: In the near future, usual types of motor fuel will be replaced by water-fuel emulsions". Oil of Russia. No. 3. OCLC 74330613.